Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.

Types of disease

Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups: # Endocrine gland hypofunction/hypo

secretion 440px Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast, excretion is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism. The classical ...

(leading to hormone deficiency) # Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess) # Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of

thyroid hormone File:Thyroid_system.svg, upright=1.5, The thyroid system of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 rect 376 268 820 433 Thyroid-stimulating hormone rect 411 200 849 266 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone rect 297 168 502 200 Hypothalamus rect 66 216 386 25 ...

and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.

List of diseases

Glucose homeostasis disorders

* Diabetes ** Type 1 Diabetes ** Type 2 Diabetes ** Gestational Diabetes **

Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes mellitus caused by mutations in an autosomal dominant gene disrupting insulin production. MODY is often referred to as monogenic diabetes to distin ...

* Hypoglycemia **

Idiopathic hypoglycemia Idiopathic hypoglycemia is a medical condition in which the glucose level in the blood ( blood glucose) is abnormally low due to an undeterminable cause. This is considered an incomplete and unsatisfactory diagnosis by physicians A ph ...

** Insulinoma *

Glucagonoma Glucagonoma is a very rare tumor of the pancreatic alpha cells that results in the overproduction of the hormone, glucagon. Typically associated with a rash called necrolytic migratory erythema, weight loss, and mild diabetes mellitus, most peop ...

Thyroid disorders

* Goitre * Hyperthyroidism ** Graves-Basedow disease ** Toxic multinodular goitre *

Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism (also called ''underactive thyroid'', ''low thyroid'' or ''hypothyreosis'') is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It can cause a number of symptoms, such as po ...

* Thyroiditis ** Hashimoto's thyroiditis * Thyroid cancer * Thyroid hormone resistance

Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease

* Parathyroid gland disorders ** Primary hyperparathyroidism ** Secondary hyperparathyroidism ** Tertiary hyperparathyroidism ** Hypoparathyroidism *** Pseudohypoparathyroidism *

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common reason for a broken bone ...

* Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone) * Rickets * Osteomalacia

Pituitary gland disorders

Posterior pituitary

* Diabetes insipidus * Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

Anterior pituitary

* Hypopituitarism (or

Panhypopituitarism Hypopituitarism is the decreased (''hypo'') secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. If there is decreased secretion of one specific pituitary hormone, the condition is know ...

) * Pituitary tumors ** Pituitary adenomas ** Prolactinoma (or Hyperprolactinemia) **

Acromegaly Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet. There may also be an enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose. Other ...

gigantism Gigantism ( el, γίγας, ''gígas'', "giant", plural γίγαντες, ''gígantes''), also known as giantism, is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by ove ...

dwarfism Dwarfism is a condition wherein an organism is exceptionally small, and mostly occurs in the animal kingdom. In humans, it is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than , regardless of sex; the average adult height among people with dw ...

** Cushing's disease

Sex hormone disorders

* Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders ** Hermaphroditism ** Gonadal dysgenesis ** Androgen insensitivity syndromes * Hypogonadism (

Gonadotropin deficiency Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testes or the ovaries—that may result in diminished production of sex hormones. Low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels are referred to as hypoandrogenism and low estrogen ...

) ** Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders *** Kallmann syndrome *** Klinefelter syndrome *** Turner syndrome ** Acquired disorders *** Ovarian failure (also known as Premature Menopause) *** Testicular failure * Disorders of Puberty ** Delayed puberty ** Precocious puberty * Menstrual function or fertility disorders ** Amenorrhea ** Polycystic ovary syndrome

Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere

* Multiple endocrine neoplasia ** MEN type 1 ** MEN type 2a ** MEN type 2b * Carcinoid syndrome

Endocrine emergencies

In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm,

myxoedema coma Myxedema coma is an extreme or decompensation, decompensated form of hypothyroidism and while uncommon, is potentially lethal. A person may have laboratory values identical to a "normal" hypothyroid state, but a stressful event (such as an infect ...

and pituitary apoplexy. Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization). It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.

References

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Endocrine Disease Endocrinology