The enactment effect, also called self-performed task effect (SPT effect)
[Cohen, RL (1981) "On the generality of some memory laws". ''Scandinavian Journal of Psychology'', 22:267-281.] is a term that was created in the early 80's to describe the fact that
verb phrase
In linguistics, a verb phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit composed of a verb and its arguments except the subject of an independent clause or coordinate clause. Thus, in the sentence ''A fat man quickly put the money into the box'', the words ''qu ...
s are memorized better if a learner performs the described action during learning, compared to just getting the verbal information or seeing someone else perform the action.
[Engelkamp, Johannes & Krumnacker, Horst (1980). „Imaginale und motorische Prozesse beim Behalten verbalen Materials". ''Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie'' 27: 511-533.] The use of
gesture
A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or o ...
s improves the quantity of phrases that can be recalled, the phrases can be recalled for a longer amount of time, and they can be accessed easier. Knowing that enacting improves memory performance can be useful in education and treatment of patients with
memory disorder Memory disorders are the result of damage to neuroanatomical structures that hinders the storage, retention and recollection of memories. Memory disorders can be progressive, including Alzheimer's disease, or they can be immediate including disorde ...
s.
[Macedonia, Manuela & von Kriegstein, Katharina (2012) . „Gestures Enhance Foreign Language Learning”. Biolinguistics 6(3-4): 393-416.]
Studies showing the enactment effect
In their study, Engelkamp and Krumnacker (1980) gave participants verbal phrases like “brush the teeth” or "shuffle the cards". In a
recognition task and a
free recall
Free recall is a common task in the psychological study of memory. In this task, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are prompted to recall the items in any order. Items are usually presented one at a time for a short du ...
task, the memory of participants was tested under four learning conditions: one group performed the action, a second group was supposed to imagine the action, the third group watched someone perform the action, and the last group just heard the phrases. The group that had enacted the gestures performed best in both tasks.
Around the same time, Cohen examined recall capacity of verbal phrases in participants under three conditions: one group performed the action on a concrete object, a second group saw the experimenter perform the action on an object, and a third group only got verbal instructions. The self-performed task led to the best results, supporting the claim that the enactment effect exists.
Since then, the effect has been reduplicated in many studies. Recall after enactment tasks was shown to be superior to recall after verbal tasks in children as well as in adults. Furthermore, the enactment effect is existent in elderly people and people with moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Enactment effect in
second language acquisition
Second-language acquisition (SLA), sometimes called second-language learning — otherwise referred to as L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition is also the scientific dis ...
Gestures have been shown to be a useful tool in teaching a foreign language. The enactment effect can be used in second language teaching in order to learn a language more efficiently, faster, and to prevent forgetting. Various studies have shown that the use of gestures while learning new words improves
recall and retention.
The enactment effect in second language learning could be shown in children as well as adults.
[Macedonia, Manuela & Thomas R. Knösche (2011) "Body in Mind: How Gestures Empower Foreign Language Learning". ''Mind, Brain, and Education'' 5:4, 196-211.] Not only does enactment improve memorization, but also the use of words in speech production.
Using gestures while learning is helpful in learning concrete words as well as abstract words such as “change” or “difference”. Studies supported this claim in showing that abstract words were better remembered when a gesture was used while encoding.
Neurolinguistical research on the enactment effect
In more recent studies, researchers have been trying to find the neurological explanation of the enactment effect, and the reason why memory is enhanced after enactment. It was shown that not mere physical motor information leads to the enactment effect, but that the
semantic
Semantics (from grc, σημαντικός ''sēmantikós'', "significant") is the study of reference, meaning, or truth. The term can be used to refer to subfields of several distinct disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics and comput ...
content of the gesture plays a role as well
Iconic gesturesenhance memory compared to meaningless gestures which have no positive effect on memorization.
s showed that enactment leads to deeper processing of new information, eliciting the assumption that by using gestures, the meaning of the new word is connected with an already existing concept in one's native language.
[Kelly, Spencer D., Tara McDevitt, & Megan Esch (2009) "Brief training with co-speech gesture lends a hand to word learning in a foreign language". ''Language and Cognitive Processes'', 24:313-334.]
References
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Gestures
Language acquisition