''Empoasca decipiens'' is a species of leafhopper belonging to the family Cicadellidae subfamily

Typhlocybinae Typhlocybinae is a subfamily of insects in the leafhopper family, Cicadellidae. This is currently the second largest leafhopper subfamily based on the number of described species, but researchers believe there are so many taxa yet undescribed th ...

.Galeto, L., Marzachi, C., Demichelis, S., Bosco, D. 2011. Host plant determines the phytoplasma transmission competence of ''Empoasca decipens'' (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 104: 360-366 The adults reach of

length Length is a measure of distance. In the International System of Quantities, length is a quantity with dimension distance. In most systems of measurement a base unit for length is chosen, from which all other units are derived. In the Inte ...

and a are homogenously green with whitish markings on its

pronotum The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum ( dorsal), the prosternum ( ventral), and the propleuron ( lateral) o ...

and

vertex Vertex, vertices or vertexes may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics and computer science *Vertex (geometry), a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet *Vertex (computer graphics), a data structure that describes the position ...

. ''E. decipiens'' is commonly referred to as the “green leafhopper” because of its colouration. The absence of clear stripes along the

forewings Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwin ...

can easily distinguish it from the similar leafhopper species ''E. vitis'', but distinguishing it from other leafhoppers with the same colouration requires examination under a

microscope A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisibl ...

. It is present in most of

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

, in the eastern

Palearctic realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Si ...

, in

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...

, in the Near East, and in the Afrotropical realm.Raupach, K., Borgemeister, C., Hommes, M., Poehling, H.-M., Sétamou, M. 2002. Effect of temperature and host plants on the bionomics of ''Empoasca decipiens'' (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Crop Protection. 21: 113-119. Both

nymphs A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ty ...

and adults of this small insect are considered to be a very destructive

pest Pest or The Pest may refer to: Science and medicine * Pest (organism), an animal or plant deemed to be detrimental to humans or human concerns ** Weed, a plant considered undesirable * Infectious disease, an illness resulting from an infection ** ...

s on field crops,

vegetables Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. The original meaning is still commonly used and is applied to plants collectively to refer to all edible plant matter, including the edible flower, flowers, ...

and

greenhouse A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating, a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.These ...

plants.

Life history

Reproduction and development

The green leafhopper is

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproducti ...

and reproduces sexually. Females will insert their fertilized eggs into the tissue or the

stem Stem or STEM may refer to: Plant structures * Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang * Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure * Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushr ...

of a host plant using their

ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typica ...

. The

larvae A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. T ...

will hatch after 1–4 days. ''E. decipiens'' undergoes incomplete metamorphosis, meaning the nymphs resemble adult leafhoppers during their five nymphal stages, but do not develop

wings A wing is a type of fin that produces lift while moving through air or some other fluid. Accordingly, wings have streamlined cross-sections that are subject to aerodynamic forces and act as airfoils. A wing's aerodynamic efficiency is exp ...

until their fourth

instar An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'', "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (''ecdysis''), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow o ...

. Development takes 10–37 days depending on temperature and the host plant selected. The optimal temperature for egg development is 24 °C, and

broad bean ''Vicia faba'', commonly known as the broad bean, fava bean, or faba bean, is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop. Var ...

has been recorded numerous times as the preferred host plant although it has been noted to choose a large variety of plants for oviposition. The leafhopper may have 10

generation A generation refers to all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively. It can also be described as, "the average period, generally considered to be about 20–⁠30 years, during which children are born and gro ...

s per year in warmer

climates Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological ...

, such as in

, 2-3 generations per years in

, and 4-5 generations in greenhouses. Adults can typically be seen from June through to December.

Habitat

''E. decipiens'' usually colonizes the under surface of leaves. Previous studies have established that the leafhopper prefers species of plants whose leaves lack

trichomes Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a pla ...

, have soft tissues, and are of large size.Naseri, B., Fathipour, Y., Talebi, A., A. 2009. Population density and spatial distribution pattern of ''Empoasca decipens'' (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on different bean species. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 11: 239-248. They typically aggregate in groups on leaves when

population density Population density (in agriculture: Stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical ...

is high, but will be randomly distributed when

populations Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using a ...

are small. They are diurnal, and studies conducted in

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

revealed that leafhopper activity starts at 8:00 a.m. and gradually increases to its maximum during the hours of 12:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.Mahmoud, Y. A., Amr, E. M., Ebadah, I. M. A. 2011. Some ecological behaviors of the leafhopper, ''Empoasca decipiens'' (Paoli) on some winter plantations in Egypt. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research. 12: 88-94. The amount and time of activity does change with regards to the

geographic Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and ...

location of the

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

Feeding damage

Both adult and nymph green leafhoppers are

polyphagous Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food. Terminology often uses either the suffixes -vore, -vory, or -vorous from Latin ''vorare'', meaning "to devour", or -phage, -phagy, or -phagous from Greek φαγ� ...

and attack various kinds of

, ornamental plants, and field

crops A crop is a plant that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. When the plants of the same kind are cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or hydroponi ...

.Agboka, K., Tounou, A., K., Poehling, H.-M., Raupach, K., Borgemeister, C. 2003. Searching and oviposition behavior of ''Anagrus atomus'' L. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) on four host plants of its host, the green leafhopper ''Empoasca decipiens'' Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Journal of Insect Behavior. 16: 667-678. They do so by puncturing the

phloem Phloem (, ) is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as ''photosynthates'', in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant. This transport process is ...

and

xylem Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem. The basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients. The word ''xylem'' is derived fr ...

tissues of the plants with their stylets. They then inject saliva containing certain chemicals that allow them to rupture plant cells and ingest the mixtures flowing through the plant tissues. The movement of the insect’s stylet in the plant causes the vessels to become blocked and obstructs the flow of nutrients throughout the disturbed plant. This type of damage is caused by many other leafhopper species and it is called hopperburn.Backus, E. A., Serrano, M. S., Ranger, C. M. 2005. Mechanisms of Hopperburn: an overview of insect taxonomy, behavior, and physiology. Annual Review of Entomology, 50: 125-151.

Symptoms Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showi ...

of hopperburn resembles plant

senescence Senescence () or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. The word ''senescence'' can refer to either cellular senescence or to senescence of the whole organism. Organismal senescence inv ...

and include

necrosis Necrosis () is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated dig ...

around the feeding sites, which may cause leaves to prematurely drop, and

chlorosis In botany, chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of leaves, chlorotic leaves are pale, yellow, or yellow-white. The affected plant has little or no ability to ...

occurring at the leaf margins and around the leaf veins. This feeding behavior can lead to significant monetary losses for growers of vegetables and crops as hopperburn can reduce the

quantity Quantity or amount is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude, which illustrate discontinuity and continuity. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", "less", or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value multiple of a uni ...

of crops by stunting young plant growth and can reduce overall yield.Atakan, E. 2009. Damage assessment of the leafhopper complex 'Asymmetrasca decedens'' (Paoli) and ''Empoasca decipiens'' Paoli(Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in cotton. Journal of Pest Science, 82: 227-234. Additionally, the chlorosis caused by hopperburn can reduce quality of crops, and stylet punctures can remain visible on some fruits (e.g.

capsicum ''Capsicum'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae, native to the Americas, cultivated worldwide for their chili pepper or bell pepper fruit. Etymology and names The generic name may come from Latin , mean ...

tomato The tomato is the edible berry of the plant ''Solanum lycopersicum'', commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America. The Mexican Nahuatl word gave rise to the Spanish word , ...

) decreasing their

market value Market value or OMV (Open Market Valuation) is the price at which an asset would trade in a competitive auction setting. Market value is often used interchangeably with ''open market value'', ''fair value'' or ''fair market value'', although the ...

. ''E. decipiens'' is considered a pest of many crops throughout its geographical range, and it has increasingly become a serious pest in greenhouses throughout Europe. The green leafhopper has been recorded on broad bean (''

Vicia faba ''Vicia faba'', commonly known as the broad bean, fava bean, or faba bean, is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop. Var ...

''), green bean (''

Phaseolus vulgaris ''Phaseolus vulgaris'', the common bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods. Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, alo ...

''), pea (''

Pisum sativum The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the flowering plant species ''Pisum sativum''. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and d ...

''), potato (''

Solanum tuberosum The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United ...

''), tomato (''

Solanum lycopersicum The tomato is the edible berry of the plant ''Solanum lycopersicum'', commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America. The Mexican Nahuatl word gave rise to the Spanish wor ...

''), aubergine (''

Solanum melongena Eggplant ( US, Canada), aubergine ( UK, Ireland) or brinjal (Indian subcontinent, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. ''Solanum melongena'' is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. Mo ...

'') and cucumber (''

Cucumis sativus Cucumber (''Cucumis sativus'') is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the Cucurbitaceae family that bears usually cylindrical fruits, which are used as culinary vegetables.Beta vulgaris ''Beta vulgaris'' (beet) is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Betoideae of the family Amaranthaceae. Economically, it is the most important crop of the large order Caryophyllales. It has several cultivar groups: the sugar beet, of gr ...

'') and cotton (genus ''

Gossypium ''Gossypium'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gossypieae of the mallow family, Malvaceae, from which cotton is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds. There are about 50 ''Gossypi ...

'').

Control

Synthetic insecticides

Synthetic

insecticides Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed t ...

have been the traditional way of eradicating or controlling for ''E. decipiens'' in greenhouses and on crops. Chemical control of E. ''decipiens'' can be difficult as many insecticides can also threaten

biological control Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically als ...

programs already established to protect against other greenhouse pests such as

aphids Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...

whiteflies Whiteflies are Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the family Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea. More than 1550 species have been described. Description and taxonomy The ...

, and

leaf miners A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths ( Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, the mother clade of wasp ...

.Agboka, K., Tounou, A. K., Al-moaalem, R., Poehling, H.-M., Raupach, K., Borgemeister, C. 2004. Life-table study of ''Anagrus atomus'', an egg parasitoid of the green leafhopper ''Empoasca decipiens'', at four different temperatures. Biocontrol. 49: 261-275. Additionally, many insecticides are expensive and difficult to obtain due to their lack of registration as allowable insecticides.Tounou, A. K., Poehling, H.-M., Agboki, K., Raupach, K., Zimmerman, G., Borgemeister, C. 2001. A laboratory assessment of the potential of selected entomopathogenic fungi to control the green leafhopper ''Empoasca decipiens'' Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 46: 3195-3204. Buprofezin, an insect growth regulator, has been proven to effectively control for the leafhopper, and it is of little to no harm to other natural organisms present in greenhouses. But, this insecticide does not affect adult leafhoppers who are then still able to cause notable feeding damage.

Biological control

Predators

Orius The genus ''Orius'' (commonly called minute pirate bug) consists of omnivorous bugs in the family Anthocoridae (pirate bugs). Adults are 2–5 mm long and feed mostly on smaller insects, larva and eggs, such as spider mites, thrips, jum ...

'' spp. (minute pirate bugs) are

predatory Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill t ...

insects that are commonly used as a

in greenhouses and against ''E. decipiens''. This form of control is typically unsuccessful in significantly controlling the green leafhopper populations as the leafhopper will hop away when disturbed and are capable of flying, making the chance of a successful capture by a predator such as ''Orius'' spp., very difficult. Both the adults and the nymphs exhibit this high mobility which means predatory biological control will not significantly control for a large part of the ''E. decipiens'' life cycle.

Parasitoids

The use of

parasitoids In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitis ...

is another form of control that has been utilized against ''E. decipiens''. Egg parasitism is beneficial because it stops the production of more green leafhoppers which will prevent future damage of plants. ''Anagrus atomus'' is a solitary egg parasitoid of that has been most commonly associated with ''E. decipiens'' in many studies. Females of this species will search for

egg An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the a ...

s with their

antenna Antenna ( antennas or antennae) may refer to: Science and engineering * Antenna (radio), also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g., TV or radio) waves * Antennae Galaxies, the name of two collid ...

e by sensing for traces of leafhopper activity, such as feeding bumps or oviposition wounds, on plants. When they come across host eggs, they will insert their ovipositor into the egg and lay their own eggs within the host egg.Hesami S., Seyedoleslami, H., Ebadi, R. 2004. Biology of ''Anagrus atomus'' (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of the grape leafhopper ''Arboridia kermanshah'' (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Entomological Science, 7: 271-276 One study found that the lowest development threshold for ''A. atomus'' was found at the temperature 8.28 °C. This temperature is much lower than what is found in many greenhouses where ''E. decipiens'' is becoming more predominantly located, therefore the ability of ''A. atomus'' to develop at lower temperature thresholds is thought to aid in its effectiveness in controlling the green leafhopper. In the same study, significantly higher numbers of parasitized eggs were found in the stems of plants than in any other parts. This

spatial distribution A spatial distribution in statistics is the arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface and a graphical display of such an arrangement is an important tool in geographical and environmental statistics. A graphical display of a spatial d ...

of parasitized eggs corresponds with the preference of egg oviposition in the stems of plants by ''E. decipiens''. The ability of ''A. atomus'' to discriminate between infested and non-infested plants, recognize preferences in location for oviposition by ''E. decipiens'', short life cycle, and its ability to parasitize eggs throughout the development of ''E. decipiens'', are all reasons that make ''A. atomus'' a parasitoid that may be effective in the biological control for the leafhopper. Additionally, the mean parasitism of ''A. atomus'' in this study was 44.7% ranging from 27.2-62.5%. However, the low

fecundity Fecundity is defined in two ways; in human demography, it is the potential for reproduction of a recorded population as opposed to a sole organism, while in population biology, it is considered similar to fertility, the natural capability to pr ...

of ''A. atomus'' often results in no significant effect on host population density, and therefore it is considered poor for controlling ''E. decipiens'' if the parasitoid is not used in conjunction with other control methods.

Virulent Fungi

Recent studies have shown that certain

fungi A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...

that is

parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson ha ...

towards other ''Empoasca'' spp. is also parasitic towards ''Empoasca decipiens''. Specifically, the species ''M. anisopliae'', ''P. fumosoroseus'' and ''B. bassiana''. One study found that isolates of these fungi species were

virulent Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host. In most, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to ...

to both nymphs and adult ''E. decipiens''. All isolates were proven to be highly virulent to fifth instar nymphs where the fungi caused 60-98%

mortality Mortality is the state of being mortal, or susceptible to death; the opposite of immortality. Mortality may also refer to: * Fish mortality, a parameter used in fisheries population dynamics to account for the loss of fish in a fish stock throug ...

4–6 days after the nymphs were

infected An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. Infection, infected, or infectious may also refer to: Film and television Film * ''Infected'' (2008 film), a Canadian TV science fiction horror film * ''Infec ...

. In the treatments where ''M. anisopliae'' and ''B. bassiana'' were utilized, first instar nymphs were less sensitive to the effects of the fungi compared to older leaf hoppers. This is most likely due to the ability of the younger nymphs to shed the fungal

spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, ...

through

ecdysis Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Since the cuticle of these animals typically forms a largely inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. The remnan ...

. The fungus species ''P. fumosoroseus'' was observed to grow more rapidly on ''E. decipiens''

cadavers A cadaver or corpse is a dead human body that is used by medical students, physicians and other scientists to study anatomy, identify disease sites, determine causes of death, and provide tissue to repair a defect in a living human being. S ...

than any of the other fungi tested. It is thought that this characteristic may enhance the

virulence Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host. In most, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to ...

of this fungus to first instar nymphs by growing so rapidly it can overcome multiple molts that ''E. decipiens'' nymphs undergo. The ability of these fungi to develop in high

humidity Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. Humidity dep ...

and moderate temperature environments, in addition to their virulence, make them good potential

microbial A microorganism, or microbe,, ''mikros'', "small") and ''organism'' from the el, ὀργανισμός, ''organismós'', "organism"). It is usually written as a single word but is sometimes hyphenated (''micro-organism''), especially in olde ...

controls for ''E. decipiens''.

Subspecies

* ''Empoasca decipiens minutissima'' Vilbaste, 1961

References

External links

Fauna Europaea

Biolib

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5374385 Empoascini Insects described in 1930 Hemiptera of Europe