Emmanuel Mormoris

Emmanuel Mormoris, Manolis Mormoris () or Manoli Mormori (; ) was a 16th-century Cretan military commander and notable political figure in the Republic of Venice. He was the military commander of an Anti-Ottoman revolt at the time of the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1570-1573.

Family and early years

The Mormori (or Murmuri) family originated from Nauplion, southern Greece. Emmanuel Mormoris has been described as of Greek or Albanian origin. In the 15th century Emmanuel Mormori is mentioned, a rich landlord in Nauplion who was married to a lady from the Bua family. With the capture of the Peloponnese by the Ottoman armies (late 15th-early 16th century) thousands of Greek refugees followed the Venetians. As such after the Ottoman conquest of Nauplion (1540) a branch of the Mormoris family escaped to the Venetian-controlled island of Crete.Hatzopoulos, 1993, p. 158: "the collapse of Venetian administration, during the sixteenth century, on the Greek mainland's coastal areas, especially in the Peloponnesos, increased the strategic importance of the island, transformed it into a staging area for military operations, and made it also a place in which thousands of Greeks, from all social backgrounds, fleeing the advancing Turkisch armies, sought refuge... One such family were the Mormoris." Various members of the family participated in the armed struggles against the Ottoman Empire. The named is mentioned in the sixteenth century either as Mormori or as Murmuri and it appears that the family was active at Nauplion, where it originate. The following period various members of the Greek-Cretan branch of the family served the Venetian Republic. In various contemporary reports Mormoris himself frequently praises the Greeks as well as various members of his family in their struggles against the Ottoman Empire.

The father of Emmanuel Mormoris, Jacomo, was a cavaliere in the Venetian army and commander of the ''Stratioti'' units of Crete.Hatzopoulos, 1993, p. 159 Shortly before 1570 Emmanuel Mormoris was sent by the Venetian ''provveditore generale'' (governor-general) of Crete to Sfakia, a region in western Crete, to convince some local rebel to submit to Venetian rule. At 1568 he became leader of a cavalry unit of stratioti ''di nationi Greca''. At 1568 he was dispatched to Corfu. The following year he was accepted as member of the Cretan nobility (''cretensi nobili'') by the Venetian Senate.

Activity in Epirus

During the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1570-1573 Mormoris took action in the region of Epirus. As part of the revolutionary preparations the provveditore of Corfu, Sebastiano Venier, provided arms and ammunition to the Greeks of Himara. As soon as military operations began, Mormoris proposed the capture of the coastal fortress of Sopot across Corfu.

Sopot was the most important stronghold in the region. Based on contemporary accounts, the Greek groups that participated in the operations composed of units of Greek Stratioti from Corfu as well as Himariotes. After a successful siege on June 7, 1570, Mormoris was appointed commander of the fortress and the surrounding region. The capture of this strategic location triggered a general revolt under his leadership. Following this event the Ottoman presence was limited in the region to a few military outposts. As such Mormoris together with groups of Himariotes attempted to advance to neutralize them as soon as possible. Soon after the anti-Ottoman movement was spread to the adjacent regions of Argyrokastron (modern Gjirokastër), Delvina and Parga with the military guidance of the local Greek nobility and a number of ''Stratioti'', such as Petros Lantzas and Georgios Renesis. In addition, the inhabitants of nearby Himara also supported the uprising and submitted voluntarily to Venetian rule, while making use of the advantageous mountainous terrain of their homeland.

Mormoris with a force composed of his soldiers and a 'large number of Albanians' proceeded to siege of the coastal fortress of Nivice. After operations lasting a year, it was finally taken in spring 1571. However, the rebels met difficulties during the siege of nearby Nivice which lasted nearly one year due to lack of the necessary preparations and artillery support.Chasiotis, 1970, p. 213: Με την κατάληψη του Σοποτού η τουρκική κυριαρχία περιορίστηκε σε μερικά μόνο στρατιωτικά κέντρα της περιοχής. Αυτά προσπάθησε να τα εξουδετερώση έγκαιρα ο Εμμανουήλ Μορμόρης με τους Χιμαριώτες επαναστάτες στις αρχές του 1570. Μεγάλες δυσκολίες αντιμετώπισαν οι επαναστάτες κατά την πολιορκία του κάστρου της Νίβιτσας. Η επιχείρηση άρχισε το καλοκαίρι του 1571, αλλά η ατελής προετοιμασία της και η έλλειψη πυροβολικού καθυστέρησαν τους Χιμαριώτες πάνω από ένα χρόνο. Τελικά, με τη βοήθεια των ανδρών του Μόρμορη η Νίβιτσα κυριεύτηκε την άνοιξη του 1571, οι υπερασπιστές της σφάχτηκαν ή αιχμαλωτίστηκαν και ο Τούρκος διοικητής της, ένας από τους πιο σημαντικούς στρατιωτικούς αρχηγούς της περιοχής, έπεσε στα χέρια των επαναστατών. The capture of Nivica fort was achieved due to the military activities of the Himariotes and Mormoris. Meanwhile an Ottoman fleet under admiral Uluz Ali approached the coast of Himara.Vakalopoulos, 2003, p. 80-81: Η επιχείρηση της Νίβιτσας στέφθηκε με επιτυχία χάρη στις πολεμικές ενέργειες των Χιμαριωτών και του Εμμ . Μόρμορη και είχε σαν αποτέλεσμα να περιέλθει ολόκληρη η περιοχή του Δέλβινου και του Αργυροκάστρου στη Βενετική εξουσία, ενώ προσέγγιζε και πάλι ισχυρός στόλος στα παράλια της Χιμάρας με επικεφαλής το ναύαρχο Ουλούτζ Αλή During the military operations Mormoris was assisted by his brother Zorzis Mormoris, who commanded units of ''Stratioti'' in Margariti, Santa Maura (Lefkada), and Corfu.

However, due to the developments of the ongoing Ottoman-Venetian War, Venice withdrew its support to the rebels. Thus, during the Ottoman counter-offensive the revolutionaries had to lift the siege of Kardhiq. Sopot was recaptured by the Ottomans at the same year (1571). Emmanuel Mormoris was captured during the Ottoman advance and taken prisoner to Constantinople. He was released in June 1575 during a prisoner exchange between the Venetian and Ottoman authorities.

Later activity

At 1583 Mormoris, already promoted to colonel, was placed in command of the Venetian infantry units in Crete. He was involved in the construction of the new fortress and port at Rethymno. In 1590-1591 he was sent to Italy to suppress the revolt of the lord of Montemarciano, Alfonso Picollomini. The latter was executed in March 1591. The following year he returned to Crete to deal with various rebellions in the island. In the summer of 1593 he was placed in Kefallonia where he supervised the construction of the Venetian fortress in Asos. Mormoris was the author of several military reports on the subject of the construction of a wide network of fortifications in the Ionian islands and Crete.Korre, 2017, p. 377

References

Sources

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*{{cite journal , last1=Hatzopoulos , first1=Dionysios , title=Greek Officers in the Eighteenth Century Venetian Army , journal=The Journal of Modern Hellenism , date=1993 , volume=10 , pages=157–165 , url=http://journals.sfu.ca/jmh/index.php/jmh/article/view/139 , accessdate=5 July 2018 , language=en , issn=0743-7749

16th-century Greek people
16th-century Albanian people
Greek rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Epirus
People from the Kingdom of Candia
Year of birth unknown
Republic of Venice people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars
Prisoners of war held by the Ottoman Empire
Year of death unknown
People of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)