The first Saudi state (), officially the Emirate of Diriyah (), was established in 1744, when the emir of a
Najdi town called
Diriyah
Diriyah (; formerly romanization of Arabic, romanized as Dereyeh and Dariyya) is a towns in Saudi Arabia, town and governorate in Saudi Arabia. Located on the northwestern outskirts of the Saudi capital, Riyadh, Diriyah was the original home of t ...
,
Muhammad I, and the religious leader
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a
pact to found a socio-religious reform movement to propagate the
Wahhabi religious doctrine under the political leadership of the
House of Saud
The House of Saud ( ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State, (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling ...
.
History
Early establishment
The
House of Saud
The House of Saud ( ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State, (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling ...
and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering
Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from
Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia and the geopolitical region known as the Middle East. It is situated in the northern edge of the Arabian Peninsula at the head of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to Iraq–Kuwait ...
down to the northern borders of
Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
. Saud's forces also captured the highlands of
Asir, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to join
jihad
''Jihad'' (; ) is an Arabic word that means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", particularly with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it encompasses almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God in Islam, God ...
. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to
gain command of the
Shia holy city of
Karbala in 1801. Here they destroyed the
shrine
A shrine ( "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: ''escrin'' "box or case") is a sacred space">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ...: ''escri ...
of the saints and monuments and killed over 5,000 civilians. In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd.
Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad,
Saud bin Abdulaziz, sent out forces to bring the region of
Hejaz
Hejaz is a Historical region, historical region of the Arabian Peninsula that includes the majority of the western region of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Al Bahah, Al-B ...
under his rule.
Sauds's campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities
, ''Islam Life'' online magazine Taif was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of Mecca
Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia; it is the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley above ...
and Medina
Medina, officially al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (, ), also known as Taybah () and known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib (), is the capital of Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ...
. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
, which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517.
Decline of sovereignty
The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt
Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
, Muhammad Ali Pasha, by the Ottomans. This initiated the Ottoman–Saudi War, in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Najd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son Abdullah I, was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.[Abdullah bin Saud's capture](_blank)
, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah. He placed it under siege
A siege () . is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. Siege warfare (also called siegecrafts or poliorcetics) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict charact ...
for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the House of Saud
The House of Saud ( ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi State, (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling ...
to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, Constantinople
Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...
(modern day Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
). Abdullah I was later executed in the Ottoman capital, with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait ( ; , colloquially ) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey. The Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and forms one of the continental bo ...
, marking the end of what was known as the first Saudi state. However, both the followers of the Wahhabi movement and the remaining members of the House of Saud stayed committed. They founded the Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891. Before the unification of modern Saudi Arabia, several emirates and kingdoms were established in the region, eventually paving the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
List of rulers
* Emir Muhammad bin Saud 1727–1765 (1139–1179 H)
* Emir Abdulaziz bin Muhammad 1765–1803 (1179–1218 H)
* Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz 1803–1814 (1218–1229 H)
* Emir Abdullah bin Saud 1814–1818 (1229–1233 H)
See also
* Saudi Founding Day
*List of Sunni dynasties
The following is a list of Sunni dynasties.
Asia
Arabian Peninsula
* Ziyadid dynasty (819–1018)
* Banu Wajih (926–965)
* Sulaymanids (1063–1174)
* Mahdids (1159–1174)
* Kathiri (Hadhramaut) (1395–1967)
* Al-Jabriyun (1417–1521)
* ...
References
Further reading
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diriyah, Emirate of
18th-century establishments in the Arabian Peninsula
19th century in the Arabian Peninsula
1744 establishments in Asia
1818 disestablishments in Asia
Anti-Ottomanism
Diriyah
Former Arab states
Former countries in West Asia
Former emirates
Former monarchies of West Asia
History of Saudi Arabia
History of the Arabian Peninsula
House of Saud
Ottoman Arabia
States and territories established in 1744
States and territories disestablished in 1818