Abdullah I (Abdullah bin Hussein; 2 February 188220 July 1951) was the ruler of

Jordan Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Jordan is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the south, and Israel and the occupied Palestinian ter ...

and its predecessor state Transjordan from 1921 until his assassination in 1951. He was the

Emir Emir (; ' (), also Romanization of Arabic, transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic language, Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocratic, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person po ...

of Transjordan, a

British protectorate British protectorates were protectorates under the jurisdiction of the British government. Many territories which became British protectorates already had local rulers with whom the Crown negotiated through treaty, acknowledging their status wh ...

, until 1946, when he became king of an independent Transjordan (shortened to Jordan in 1949). As a member of the

Hashemite The Hashemites (), also House of Hashim, are the Dynasty, royal family of Jordan, which they have ruled since 1921, and were the royal family of the kingdoms of Kingdom of Hejaz, Hejaz (1916–1925), Arab Kingdom of Syria, Syria (1920), and Kingd ...

dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, Abdullah was a 38th-generation direct descendant of

Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...

. Born in

Mecca Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia; it is the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley above ...

Hejaz Hejaz is a Historical region, historical region of the Arabian Peninsula that includes the majority of the western region of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Al Bahah, Al-B ...

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

, Abdullah was the second of four sons of Hussein bin Ali,

Sharif of Mecca The Sharif of Mecca () was the title of the leader of the Sharifate of Mecca, traditional steward of the Holiest sites in Islam, Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The term ''sharif'' is Arabic for "noble", "highborn", and is used to desc ...

, and his first wife, Abdiyya bint Abdullah. He was educated in

Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...

and Hejaz. From 1909 to 1914, Abdullah sat in the Ottoman legislature, as deputy for

, but allied with Britain during the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. During the war, he played a key role in secret negotiations with the United Kingdom that led to the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule that was led by his father Sharif Hussein.Encyclopaedia Britannica (online). ''Abdullah I:...'' Abdullah personally led guerrilla raids on garrisons. Abdullah became Emir of Transjordan in April 1921. He upheld his alliance with the British during World War II, and became king after Transjordan gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1946. In 1949, Jordan annexed the West Bank, which angered Arab countries including Syria, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. He was assassinated in Jerusalem while attending Friday prayers at the entrance of the

Al-Aqsa Mosque The Aqsa Mosque, also known as the Qibli Mosque or Qibli Chapel is the main congregational mosque or Musalla, prayer hall in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in the Old City (Jerusalem), Old City of Jerusalem. In some sources the building is also n ...

by a

Palestinian Palestinians () are an Arab ethnonational group native to the Levantine region of Palestine. *: "Palestine was part of the first wave of conquest following Muhammad's death in 632 CE; Jerusalem fell to the Caliph Umar in 638. The indigenous p ...

in 1951. Abdullah was succeeded by his eldest son Talal.

Early political career

In 1910, Abdullah persuaded his father to stand, successfully, for Grand

, a post for which Hussein acquired British support. In the following year, he became deputy for Mecca in the parliament established by the

Young Turks The Young Turks (, also ''Genç Türkler'') formed as a constitutionalist broad opposition-movement in the late Ottoman Empire against the absolutist régime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (). The most powerful organization of the movement, ...

, acting as an intermediary between his father and the Ottoman government.Thornhill (2004) In 1914, Abdullah paid a clandestine visit to Cairo to meet Lord Kitchener, the United Kingdom's

Secretary of State for War The secretary of state for war, commonly called the war secretary, was a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, which existed from 1794 to 1801 and from 1854 to 1964. The secretary of state for war headed the War Offic ...

, to seek British support for his father's ambitions in Arabia.Murphy (2008), p. 13 Abdullah maintained contact with the British throughout the First World War and in 1915 encouraged his father to enter into correspondence with Sir Henry McMahon, British high commissioner in Egypt, about Arab independence from Turkish rule (see

McMahon–Hussein Correspondence The McMahon–Hussein correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during World War I, in which the government of the United Kingdom agreed to recognize Arab independence in a large region after the war Quid pro quo, in exchange ...

). This correspondence in turn led to the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans. During the

Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt ( ), also known as the Great Arab Revolt ( ), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Co ...

of 1916–18, Abdullah commanded the Arab Eastern Army. Abdullah began his role in the Revolt by attacking the Ottoman garrison at

Ta'if Taif (, ) is a city and governorate in Mecca Province in Saudi Arabia. Located at an elevation of in the slopes of the Hijaz Mountains, which themselves are part of the Sarawat Mountains, Sarat Mountains, the city has a population of 563,282 pe ...

on 10 June 1916. The garrison consisted of 3,000 men with ten 75-mm Krupp guns. Abdullah led a force of 5,000 tribesmen, but they did not have the weapons or discipline for a full attack. Instead, he laid siege to town. In July, he received reinforcements from Egypt in the form of

howitzer The howitzer () is an artillery weapon that falls between a cannon (or field gun) and a mortar. It is capable of both low angle fire like a field gun and high angle fire like a mortar, given the distinction between low and high angle fire break ...

batteries manned by Egyptian personnel. He then joined the siege of

Medina Medina, officially al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (, ), also known as Taybah () and known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib (), is the capital of Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ...

commanding a force of 4,000 men based to the east and north-east of the town. In early 1917, Abdullah ambushed an Ottoman convoy in the desert, and captured £20,000 worth of gold coins that were intended to bribe the

Bedouin The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu ( ; , singular ) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq). The Bedouin originated in the Sy ...

into loyalty to the Sultan. In August 1917, Abdullah worked closely with the French Captain Muhammand Ould Ali Raho in sabotaging the Hejaz Railway. Abdullah's relations with the British Captain T. E. Lawrence were not good, and as a result, Lawrence spent most of his time in the Hejaz serving with Abdullah's brother, Faisal, who commanded the Arab Northern Army.

Founding of the Emirate of Transjordan

On 8 March 1920, Abdullah was proclaimed King of Iraq by the Iraqi Congress but he refused the position. After his refusal, his brother Faisal who had just been defeated in Syria, accepted the position. When French forces captured Damascus after the

Battle of Maysalun The Battle of Maysalun (), also known as the Battle of Maysalun Pass or the Battle of Khan Maysalun (), was a four-hour battle fought between the forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and the French Army of the Levant on 24 July 1920 near Khan M ...

(24 July 1920) and expelled his brother Faisal (27 July–1 August 1920), Abdullah moved his forces from Hejaz into Transjordan with a view to liberating Damascus, where his brother had been proclaimed King in 1918. Having heard of Abdullah's plans,

Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, military officer, and writer who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 (Winston Churchill in the Second World War, ...

invited Abdullah to Cairo in 1921 for a famous " tea party", where he convinced Abdullah to stay put and not attack Britain's allies, the French. Churchill told Abdullah that French forces were superior to his and that the British did not want any trouble with the French. Abdullah headed to Transjordan and established an emirate there on 11 April 1921 after being welcomed into the country by its inhabitants. Although Abdullah established a legislative council in 1928, its role remained advisory, leaving him to rule as an autocrat. Prime ministers under Abdullah formed 18 governments during the 23 years of the Emirate. Abdullah set about the task of building Transjordan with the help of a reserve force headed by Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Peake, who was seconded from the Palestine police in 1921. The force, renamed the

Arab Legion The Arab Legion () was the police force, then regular army, of the Emirate of Transjordan, a British protectorate, in the early part of the 20th century, and then of the Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, an independent state, with a final Ar ...

in 1923, was led by

John Bagot Glubb Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, MC, KStJ, KPM (16 April 1897 – 17 March 1986), known as Glubb Pasha (; and known as Abu Hunaik by the Jordanians), was a British military officer who led and trained Transj ...

between 1930 and 1956. During World War II, Abdullah was a faithful British ally, maintaining strict order within Transjordan, and helping to suppress a pro-Axis uprising in Iraq. The Arab Legion assisted in the occupation of Iraq and Syria.

Expansionist aspirations

Abdullah negotiated with Britain to gain independence. On 25 May 1946, the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 26 April 1949) was proclaimed independent. On the same day, Abdullah was crowned king in

Amman Amman ( , ; , ) is the capital and the largest city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political, and cultural center. With a population of four million as of 2021, Amman is Jordan's primate city and is the largest city in the Levant ...

. Abdullah, alone among the Arab leaders of his generation, was considered a moderate by the West. It is possible that he might have been willing to sign a separate peace agreement with Israel, but for the

Arab League The Arab League (, ' ), officially the League of Arab States (, '), is a regional organization in the Arab world. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945, initially with seven members: Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, ...

's militant opposition. Because of his dream for a

Greater Syria Syria, ( or ''Shaam'') also known as Greater Syria or Syria-Palestine, is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant. The region boundaries have changed throughout history. Howe ...

within the borders of what was then Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and

Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...

under a Hashemite dynasty with "a throne in Damascus," many Arab countries distrusted Abdullah and saw him as both "a threat to the independence of their countries and they also suspected him of being in cahoots with the enemy" and in return, Abdullah distrusted the leaders of other Arab countries. Abdullah supported the Peel Commission in 1937, which proposed that Palestine be split up into a small Jewish state (20 percent of the

British Mandate for Palestine The Mandate for Palestine was a League of Nations mandate for British administration of the territories of Palestine and Transjordanwhich had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuriesfollowing the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in Wo ...

) and the remaining land be annexed into Transjordan. The Arabs within Palestine and the surrounding Arab countries objected to the Peel Commission while the Jews accepted it reluctantly. Ultimately, the Peel Commission was not adopted. In 1947, when the UN supported partition of Palestine into one Jewish and one Arab state, Abdullah was the only Arab leader supporting the decision. In 1946–48, Abdullah supported partition in order that the Arab allocated areas of the British Mandate for Palestine could be annexed into Transjordan. Abdullah went so far as to have secret meetings with the

Jewish Agency for Israel The Jewish Agency for Israel (), formerly known as the Jewish Agency for Palestine, is the largest Jewish non-profit organization in the world. It was established in 1929 as the operative branch of the World Zionist Organization (WZO). As an ...

. Future Israeli prime minister

Golda Meir Golda Meir (; 3 May 1898 – 8 December 1978) was the prime minister of Israel, serving from 1969 to 1974. She was Israel's first and only female head of government. Born into a Jewish family in Kyiv, Kiev, Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) ...

was among the delegates to these meetings that came to a mutually agreed upon partition plan independently of the United Nations in November 1947. On 17 November 1947, in a secret meeting with Golda Meir, Abdullah stated that he wished to annex all of the Arab parts as a minimum, and would prefer to annex all of Palestine.Karsh (2002), p. 51. This partition plan was supported by British Foreign Secretary

Ernest Bevin Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader and Labour Party politician. He co-founded and served as General Secretary of the powerful Transport and General Workers' Union from 1922 to 1940 and ...

who preferred to see Abdullah's territory increased at the expense of the Palestinians rather than risk the creation of a Palestinian state headed by the

Mufti A mufti (; , ) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion ('' fatwa'') on a point of Islamic law (''sharia''). The act of issuing fatwas is called ''iftāʾ''. Muftis and their ''fatāwa'' have played an important role thro ...

of Jerusalem Mohammad Amin al-Husayni. Historian Graham Jevon discusses the Shlaim and Karsh interpretations of the critical meeting and accepts that there may not have been a "firm agreement" as posited by Shlaim while claiming it is clear that the parties openly discussed the possibility of a Hashemite-Zionist accommodation and further says it is "indisputable" that the Zionists confirmed that they were willing to accept Abdullah's intention.Jevon (2017), pp. 64–65. On 4 May 1948, Abdullah, as a part of the effort to seize as much of Palestine as possible, sent in the Arab Legion to attack the Israeli settlements in the Etzion Bloc. Less than a week before the outbreak of the

1948 Arab–Israeli War The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war. The civil war becam ...

, Abdullah met with Meir for one last time on 11 May 1948. Abdullah told Meir, "Why are you in such a hurry to proclaim your state? Why don't you wait a few years? I will take over the whole country and you will be represented in my parliament. I will treat you very well and there will be no war". Abdullah proposed to Meir the creation "of an autonomous Jewish canton within a Hashemite kingdom," but "Meir countered back that in November, they had agreed on a partition with

Jewish state In world politics, Jewish state is a characterization of Israel as the nation-state and sovereign homeland for the Jewish people. Overview Modern Israel came into existence on 14 May 1948 as a polity to serve as the homeland for the Jewi ...

hood." Depressed by the unavoidable war that would come between Jordan and the

Yishuv The Yishuv (), HaYishuv Ha'ivri (), or HaYishuv HaYehudi Be'Eretz Yisra'el () was the community of Jews residing in Palestine prior to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. The term came into use in the 1880s, when there were about 2 ...

, one

Jewish Agency The Jewish Agency for Israel (), formerly known as the Jewish Agency for Palestine, is the largest Jewish non-profit organization in the world. It was established in 1929 as the operative branch of the World Zionist Organization (WZO). As an ...

representative wrote, " bdullahwill not remain faithful to the 29 November N Partitionborders, but ewill not attempt to conquer all of our state ither" Abdullah too found the coming war to be unfortunate, in part because he "preferred a Jewish state s Transjordan's neighbourto a Palestinian Arab state run by the

mufti A mufti (; , ) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion ('' fatwa'') on a point of Islamic law (''sharia''). The act of issuing fatwas is called ''iftāʾ''. Muftis and their ''fatāwa'' have played an important role thro ...

." The Palestinian Arabs, the neighbouring Arab states, the promise of the expansion of territory and the goal to conquer

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

finally pressured Abdullah into joining them in an "all-Arab military intervention" on 15 May 1948. He used the military intervention to restore his prestige in the Arab world, which had grown suspicious of his relatively good relationship with Western and Jewish leaders.Morris, 193–194.Sela (2002), p. 14. Abdullah was especially anxious to take Jerusalem as compensation for the loss of the guardianship of Mecca, which had traditionally been held by the Hashemites until

Ibn Saud Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (; 15 January 1875Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book ''The Kingdom'', ...

seized the Hejaz in 1925. Abdullah's role in this war became substantial. He distrusted the leaders of the other Arab nations and thought they had weak military forces; the other Arabs distrusted Abdullah in return.Morris, 189 He saw himself as the "supreme commander of the Arab forces" and "persuaded the

to appoint him" to this position. His forces under their British commander Glubb Pasha did not approach the area set aside for the Jewish state, though they clashed with the Yishuv forces around Jerusalem, intended to be an international zone. According to Abdullah el-Tell it was the King's personal intervention that led to the

entering the Old City against Glubb's wishes. On 16 July 1951, Riad Al Solh, a former prime minister of Lebanon, had been assassinated in Amman, where rumours were circulating that Lebanon and Jordan were discussing a joint separate peace with Israel.

Assassination

On July 20, 1951, King Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated while visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem by Mustafa Shukri Ashu, a Palestinian tailor's apprentice associated with a group

seeking SEEK Limited is an Australian employment website for job listings, headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria. Seek also operates in China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. History Seek was founded ...

an independent Palestinian state. Abdullah, who was accompanied by his grandson Prince Hussein, was shot during Friday prayers, with three fatal bullets hitting his head and chest. Prince Hussein survived when a medal he wore deflected a bullet. The assassination was attributed to a secret group linked to the

Muslim Brotherhood The Society of the Muslim Brothers ('' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar, Imam and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. Al-Banna's teachings s ...

, with political ties to the former

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem is the Sunni Muslim cleric in charge of Jerusalem's Islamic holy places, including Al-Aqsa. The position was created by the British military government led by Ronald Storrs in 1918.See Islamic Leadership in Jerusa ...

. The assassin was shot dead by Abdullah's guards, and several individuals, including Colonel Abdullah at-Tell and members of the Husseini family, were later implicated in the plot. Abdullah's death led to his son Talal's succession, his son Hussein effectively became king. The assassination is thought to have influenced Hussein's decision not to pursue peace talks with Israel after the Six-Day War.

Marriages and children

Abdullah married three times. In 1904, Abdullah married his first wife, Sharifa Musbah bint Nasser (1884 – 15 March 1961), at Stinia Palace,

İstinye İstinye is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sarıyer, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population was 15,721 in 2022. It is on the European side of the city between the neighbourhoods of Emirgan and Yeniköy, on the northweste ...

. She was a daughter of

Nasser Pasha and his wife, Dilber Khanum. They had three children: * Princess Haya (1907–1990). Married Abdul-Karim Ja'afar Zeid Dhaoui. * King Talal (26 February 1909 – 7 July 1972). * Princess Munira (1915–1987). Never married. In 1913, Abdullah married his second wife, Suzdil Khanum (d. 16 August 1968), in Istanbul, Turkey. They had two children: * Prince Nayef bin Abdullah (14 November 1914 – 12 October 1983; a

colonel Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colon ...

of the Royal Jordanian Land Force. Regent for his older half-brother, Talal, from 20 July to 3 September 1951). Married in

Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...

on 7 October 1940 Princess Mihrimah Sultan (11 November 1922 – March 2000,

, and buried in

on 2 April 2000), daughter of the Ottoman prince,

Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin Efendi (; 26 August 1873 – 30 January 1938) was an Ottoman prince, firstborn of Sultan Mehmed V, born by his first consort Kamures Kadın. Early life Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin was born on 26 August 1873 in his fathe ...

(1873–1938) and his fifth consort, Neşemend Hanım (1905–1934), and paternal granddaughter of

Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd (; or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the penultimate List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918. Mehmed V reigned as a Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarch. He had ...

through his first consort. * Princess Maqbula (6 February 1921 – 1 January 2001); married Hussein ibn Nasser,

Prime Minister of Jordan The prime minister of Jordan is the head of government of the Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The prime minister is appointed by the List of kings of Jordan, king of Jordan, who is then free to form his own Cabinet of Jordan, Cabinet. Th ...

(terms 1963–64, 1967). In 1949, Abdullah married his third wife, Nahda bint Uman, a lady from

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( ') was a condominium (international law), condominium of the United Kingdom and Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day South Sudan and Sudan. Legally, sovereig ...

, in Amman. They had one child: * Princess Naifeh (1950–); married Sameer Hilal Ashour.

Ancestry

Honours

Francoist Spain Francoist Spain (), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (), or Nationalist Spain () was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death i ...

: Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit (with white distinctive), (1949)

Gallery

File:Sir Herbert Samuel's second visit to Transjordan, etc. Emir Abdullah and Emir Shakir. LOC matpc.02304.tif, Emir Abdullah of Transjordan with Sir Herbert Samuel and Emir Shakir ibn Zayid, Amman, 1921 Image:T._E._Lawrence,_Herbert_Samuel,_Emir_Abdullah_-_Amman_1921.jpg, The Emir with Sir Herbert Samuel (centre) and T. E. Lawrence (left),

Airfield, 1921r Image:Samuelarrival.jpg, The Emir at the

Cairo Conference Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...

with T. E. Lawrence, Air Marshal Sir Geoffrey Salmond and Sir Wyndham Deedes, March 1921 File:Winston Churchill and Abdullah I of Jordan 1921 (restored).jpg, The Emir with Sir Herbert Samuel and Mr. and Mrs.

at Government House reception in Jerusalem, 28 March 1921 File:Kingabdullahbinhussein.jpg, King Abdullah bin Hussein of Jordan File:Emir Abdullah (center), Mr. John Whiting, and one of the Emir's staff. April, 1921 LOC matpc.08302.tif, Emir Abdullah at his Amman camp with John Whiting of the American Colony (businessman, photographer, intelligence officer) and staff, 1921 File:A SCHOOL BOY GREETING EMIR ABDULLAH OF TRANSJORDAN DURING HIS VISIT TO JAFFA. אמיר ( מלך ) עבדלה מירדן בביקורו ביפו. בצילום נער מבית ספר ביפו מברך את .jpg EMIR ABDULLAH OF TRANSJORDAN WITH LEADING MEMBERS OF THE ARAB COMMUNITY DURING HIS VISIT TO JAFFA. אמיר ( מלך ) עבדלה מירדן משוחח עם מנהיגות ערביי יפוD813-104.jpg, Emir Abdullah with Arab notables during visit to Jaffa EMIR ABDULLA OF TRANSJORDAN INSPECTING AN HONOR GUARD OF ARAB LEGION SOLDIERS AT HAIFA PORT BEFORE BOARDING HIS SHIP TO TURKEY. האמיר עבדלה מירדן, סוקD1-002.jpg, Emir Abdulla with Arab Legion honour guard at Haifa port before boarding ship to Turkey Sir Herbert Samuel's second visit to Transjordan, etc. H.M. King Feisul (i.e., Faisal) reviewing troops at Amman. LOC matpc.05806.jpg, Herbert Samuel and King Faisal reviewing troops at Amman

Notes

References

Bibliography

* Alon, Yoav. ''The Shaykh of Shayks: Mithqal al-Fayiz and Tribal Leadership in Modern Jordan'', Stanford Univ. Press, 2016. * Bickerton, Ian J., and Carla L. Klausner. ''A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict''. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2002. * * * * * * Hiro, Dilip (1996). "Abdullah ibn Hussein al Hashem". ''Dictionary of the Middle East''. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 3–4. * * * No Google Books access. ** see also the 2014

Bloomsbury Publishing Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. Bloomsbury's head office is located on Bedford Square in Bloomsbury, an area of the London Borough of Camden. It has a US publishing office located in ...

edition, * * See also W. Morrow 1989 edition, , . * Morris, Benny (2008). ''1948: The History of the First Arab-Israeli War''. New Haven: Yale University Press * * Oren, Michael (2003). ''Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East''. New York: Ballantine. pp. 5, 7. * * ** Shlaim, Avi. "Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948". pp. 79–103. ** Rogan, Eugene L. "Jordan and 1948: the persistence of an official history". pp. 104–124. ** Tripp, Charles. "Iraq and the 1948 War: mirror of Iraq's disorder". pp. 125–150. ** Landis, Joshua. "Syria and the Palestine War: fighting King 'Abdullah's 'Greater Syria plan'". pp. 178–205. * * * Sela, Avraham, ed. (2002). ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. New York: Continuum. ** Sela, "Abdallah Ibn Hussein". pp. 13–14. ** "al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin". pp. 360–362. * * Shlaim, Avi (1990). ''The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine 1921–1951 ''.

Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's la ...

. . * Shlaim, Avi (2007). ''Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War and Peace''. Allen Lane * Thornhill, Michael T. (2004).
Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882–1951)
'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press; online edn, Jan 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009. * Wilson, Mary Christina (1990). ''King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan''. Cambridge University Press. .

External links

A genealogical profile of him
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah I Of Jordan 1882 births 1951 deaths Dhawu Awn People from Mecca Kings of Jordan House of Hashim Field marshals of Egypt World War II political leaders 20th-century murdered monarchs Politicians assassinated in the 1950s Assassinated Jordanian people People from the Emirate of Transjordan Sunni monarchs Politicians from the Ottoman Empire Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire Jordanian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Jordanian independence activists 20th-century Jordanian people People of the Arab Revolt Assassinated heads of state in Asia 20th-century monarchs in the Middle East Sons of caliphs