Emigration from Europe

European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent. From 1500 to the mid-20th century, 60–65 million people left Europe, of which less than 9% went to tropical areas (the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa).

From 1815 to 1932, 65 million people left Europe, primarily to areas of European settlement in North and South America, with the largest numbers going to the United States and Canada, Cuba, and the southern cone region of South America, including Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, in addition to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Siberia. These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War I, 38% of the world's total population was of European ancestry. Most European emigrants to the Americas came from Italy, Germany, France, Ireland, United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Armenia, Lithuania, Russia, and Ukraine.

More contemporary, European emigration can also refer to emigration from one European country to another, especially in the context of the internal mobility in the European Union ( intra-EU mobility) or mobility within the Eurasian Union.

History

8th - early 5th century BC: Greek settlement

In Archaic Greece, trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes from the Black Sea, Southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia") and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Europe, northern Libya and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas.
Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt, southwest Asia, and Northwest India.
Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait.

1450-1800: Emigration to the Americas

The European continent has been a central part of a complex migration system, which included swaths of North Africa, the Middle East and Asia Minor well before the modern era. Yet, only the population growth of the late Middle Ages allowed for larger population movements, inside and outside of the continent. The European exploration of the Americas stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe.

Roughly one and a half million Europeans settled in the New World during the period of 1500 and 1800.

Spanish and Portuguese

About 200,000 Spaniards settled in their American provinces prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million Amerindians who lived in Spanish territory in the Americas.

During the 1500s, Spain and Portugal sent a steady flow of government and church officials, members of the lesser nobility, people from the working classes and their families averaging roughly three-thousand people per year from a population of around eight million. A total of around 437,000 left Spain in the 150-year period from 1500 to 1650 mainly to Mexico, Peru in South America, and the Caribbean Islands. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to South America in the period between 1492 and 1824, one million in the 18th century, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.

Between 1500 and 1700, 100,000 Portuguese crossed the Atlantic to settle in Brazil. However, with the discovery of numerous highly productive gold mines in the Minas Gerais region, the Portuguese emigration to Brazil increased by fivefold.
From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, with 600,000 in the 1700s.
Though not usually studied, this represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies to the Americas during the colonial times.
According to historian Leslie Bethell, "In 1700 Portugal had a population of about two million people." During the 18th century hundreds of thousands left for the Portuguese Colony of Brazil, despite efforts by the crown to place severe restrictions on emigration.

In the 18th century, thanks to the gold rush, the capital of the province of Minas Gerais, the town of Vila Rica (today, Ouro Preto) became for a time one of the most populous cities in the New World.
This massive influx of Portuguese immigration and influence created a city which remains to this day, one of the best examples of 18th century European architecture in the Americas.
However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and emigration increased: in the 18th century alone, about 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil.

British, Irish and German settlement in North America

Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies between the 1630s and the American Revolution came under indentures.Galenson 1984: 1 The practice was sufficiently common that the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, in part, prevented imprisonments overseas; it also made provisions for those with existing transportation contracts and those "praying to be transported" in lieu of remaining in prison upon conviction. In any case, while half the European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies had been indentured servants, at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured, or whose indenture had expired. Free wage labor was more common for Europeans in the colonies.

Indentured persons were numerically important, mostly in the region from Virginia north to New Jersey. Other colonies saw far fewer of them. The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000–550,000; of these, 55,000 were involuntary prisoners. Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily, Tomlins estimates that 48% were indentured. About 75% were under the age of 25. The age of legal adulthood for men was 24 years; those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about 3 years. Regarding the children who came, Gary Nash reports that, "many of the servants were actually nephews, nieces, cousins and children of friends of emigrating Englishmen, who paid their passage in return for their labour once in America."

Figures for immigration in the Spanish Empire in 1650–1800 and in Brazil in 1700–1800 are not given in the table. Of the 322,000 from Britain, 190,000–250,000 were Scottish and Irish.

In North America, immigration was dominated by British, German, Irish and other Northern Europeans.Boris Fautos – Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina." Emigration to New France laid the origins of modern Canada, with important early immigration of colonists from Northern France.

From 1760 to 1820, the final phase of colonial immigration became dominated by free settlers and was marked by a huge increase in British immigrants to North America and the United States in particular.
In that period, 871,000 Europeans immigrated to the Americas, of which over 70% were British (including Irish in that category). Many independent farmers and tenants emigrated to establish farms and plantations, as well as craftsmen.Altman, Ida, and James Horn, eds. "To Make America": European Emigration in the Early Modern Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

19th century to 20th century

There was mass European emigration to the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of a dramatic demographic transition in 19th-century Europe, subsequent wars and political changes on the continent.
From the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the end of World War I in 1918, millions of Europeans emigrated. Of these, 71% went to North America, 21% to Central and South America and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were Italians, 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese.

Source:World Civilizations: Volume II:
Since 1500 By Philip J. Adler, Randall L. Pouwels

Immigration to Brazil

In Brazil, the proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller. Immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, at just 7 percent or 2 million people, mostly Portuguese and Italians. However, the influx of 4 million European immigrants between 1870 and 1920 significantly altered the racial composition of the country. From 1901 to 1920, immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth, but in the years of high immigration, from 1891 to 1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26 percent in the 1880s).

Country of arrivals

The countries in the Americas that received a major wave of European immigrants from 1820s to the early 1930s were: the United States (32.5 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Canada (5 million), Brazil (4.5 million), Venezuela (2.2 million), Cuba (1.4 million), Chile (728,000), Uruguay (713,000). Other countries that received a more modest immigration flow (accounting for less than 10 percent of total European emigration to Latin America) were: Mexico (326,000), Colombia (126,000), Puerto Rico (62,000), Peru (30,000), and Paraguay (21,000).

Legacy

Distribution

After the Age of Discovery, different ethnic European communities began to emigrate out of Europe with particular concentrations in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Costa Rica, Brazil, Chile, and Puerto Rico where they came to constitute a European-descended majority population.. It is important to note, however, that these statistics rely on identification with a European ethnic group in censuses, and as such are subjective (especially in the case of mixed origins). Nations and regions outside Europe with significant populations:

Canada

In the first Canadian census in 1871, 98.5% chose a European origin with it slightly decreasing to 96.3% declared in 1971. In the 2016 census, 19,683,320 self-identified with a European ethnic origin, the largest being of British Isles origins (11,211,850). Individually, they are English (6,320,085), Scottish (4,799,005), French (4,680,820), Irish (4,627,000), German (3,322,405), Italian (1,587,965). As of the 2021 Census, 67.4% of Canadians self-identify as white.

United States

As of the 2020 census, 61.6% of Americans identify as white alone. The 2020 United States census data revealed that English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%) and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups at 62.4% of the white alone or in combination population, reflecting the early settlement.
At the time of the first U.S. census in 1790, 80.7% of the American people self-identified as White, where it remained above that level, even reaching as high as 90% prior to the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. However, numerically it increased from 3.17 million (1790) to 199.6 million (1990) two hundred years later.

Mexico

Mexico is a multi-ethnic country where a large majority of the population have at least some European ancestry. ''Britannica'' estimates that around three-fifths are Mestizo, which includes people with mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, while White Mexicans are the largest part of the remainder."Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"
, ''INEGI'', 16 June 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018."Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"
''INEGI'', 03 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018. Skin color palettes have been used as a primary criteria to estimate the ethnoracial groups within Latin America. A summary published by the Latin American Public Opinion Project has described this as more accurate than self-identification particularly, where the different discourses that exist in regards to national identity have rendered previous attempts to estimate ethnic groups unreliable."Americas Latinobarometer Insights: 2012"
''Vanderbilt University'', 2012, Retrieved on 26 June 2021. If the criterion used is the presence of blond hair, it is 18%"Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico"
''Jstor org, available creating a free account '', Retrieved on 27 January 2018."Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals" table 1
''Plosgenetics'', 25 September 2014. Retrieved on 9 May 2017. - 23%.

Caribbean and Central America

According to the 2012 census, white Cubans make up 64.1% or 7,160,399 of the population.
Cubans of European origin (predominantly Spanish) reached its highest proportion during the early to mid twentieth century. In 1943 the census showed 74.3% or 3,553,312 self-identify as white.

In Costa Rica 83.7% of the population is White and Mestizo. Other sources estimate different results between whites and mestizos. Most are of Spanish and Italian descent, however there are also German, Polish and French communities. During the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it welcomed more than 30,000 Europeans. Costa Rica had the greatest European migratory impact in Central America. When Costa Rica became independent, the population was barely 60,000 inhabitants.

The 2022 Dominican census showed that 1,611,752 people or 18.7% of those 12 years old and above identify as white, 731,855 males and 879,897 females.

In El Salvador 12.7% of the population identifies as "white", and 86.3% of the population were mestizo or people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry. The majority being Spanish descendants from Galicia and Asturias. In El Salvador, settlement peaked between 1920 and 1930, when 8,152 European and Arab immigrants entered the country, the Europeans being mostly Italians, Spanish and Germans.

In Guatemala, 5% of the population is of European descent, primarily of either Spanish and German origins. Many German, Italian and Spanish Families arrived in Guatemala, the Germans for their part were the largest group, Immigration had a massive character.

South America

In Argentina, 85% of the population or 39,137,000 are estimated to be of European descent.

In Brazil, according to the 2022 census, 88.8% (180 million) of Brazilians are of full or partial European descent with 43.46% or 88 million self-identifying as White of European descent.Pardo