Emanuele Tesauro
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Emanuele Tesauro (; 28 January 1592 – 26 February 1675) was an Italian
philosopher Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...
,
rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. It is one of the three ancient arts of discourse ( trivium) along with grammar and logic/ dialectic. As an academic discipline within the humanities, rhetoric aims to study the techniques that speakers or w ...
ian, literary theorist,
dramatist A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays, which are a form of drama that primarily consists of dialogue between characters and is intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Ben Jonson coined the term "playwri ...
, Marinist poet, and
historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human species; as well as the ...
. Tesauro left a considerable mark in the history of 17th century Italian culture and politics. In politics – after he left the Society of Jesus in 1634 – as a firm supporter of the «principist» party and of the House of Carignano, and in a way as its ideologist, in culture, as a theorist of the baroque concept, as a prominent dramatist and rhetorician, as historian of the
Piedmontese Civil War The Piedmontese Civil War, also known as the Savoyard Civil War, was a conflict for control of the Savoyard state from 1639 to 1642. Although not formally part of the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Franco-Spanish War, Savoy's strat ...
, and finally as an educator of princes: after being tutor to Prince Thomas' children, he was tutor to
Victor Amadeus II Victor Amadeus II (; 14 May 166631 October 1732) was the head of the House of Savoy and ruler of the Savoyard states from 12 June 1675 until his abdication in 1730. He was the first of his house to acquire a royal crown, ruling first as King o ...
, and on that occasion wrote his ''Filosofia morale'', which had many editions in the 18th century and, in its Russian translation, contributed Paul I's education. Tesauro is remembered chiefly for his seminal work ''Il cannocchiale aristotelico'' (The Aristotelian Telescope), the first and most important treatise on
metaphor A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide, or obscure, clarity or identify hidden similarities between two different ideas. Metaphors are usually meant to cr ...
and
conceit An extended metaphor, also known as a conceit or sustained metaphor, is the use of a single metaphor or analogy at length in a work of literature. It differs from a mere metaphor in its length, and in having more than one single point of contact be ...
written in early modern Europe. Tesauro's ''Cannocchiale aristotelico'' has been called "one of the most important statements of
poetics Poetics is the study or theory of poetry, specifically the study or theory of device, structure, form, type, and effect with regards to poetry, though usage of the term can also refer to literature broadly. Poetics is distinguished from hermeneu ...
in seventeenth-century Europe", and "a milestone in the history of aesthetics". In
Umberto Eco Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian Medieval studies, medievalist, philosopher, Semiotics, semiotician, novelist, cultural critic, and political and social commentator. In English, he is best known for his popular ...
's ''
The Island of the Day Before ''The Island of the Day Before'' () is a 1994 historical fiction novel by Umberto Eco set in the 17th century during the historical search for the secret of longitude. The central character is Roberto della Griva, an Italian nobleman stranded on ...
'', Tesauro's theories are self-consciously taken up, through the character Padre Emanuele and his metaphor-machine.


Biography


Early life and education

Emanuele Tesauro was born in Turin on January 28, 1592, the son of a wealthy noble family. His father Alessandro was a noted
diplomat A diplomat (from ; romanization, romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state (polity), state, International organization, intergovernmental, or Non-governmental organization, nongovernmental institution to conduct diplomacy with one ...
, poet, and political figure, author of the didactic poem ''La sereide'' (1585). At the age of nineteen, Tesauro entered the
Jesuit order The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by ...
. After earning his first degree, he taught rhetoric, first at the Brera college in Milan and then in
Cremona Cremona ( , , ; ; ) is a city and (municipality) in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po (river), Po river in the middle of the Po Valley. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city a ...
. During this time Tesauro wrote his first literary works: his
epigram An epigram is a brief, interesting, memorable, sometimes surprising or satirical statement. The word derives from the Greek (, "inscription", from [], "to write on, to inscribe"). This literary device has been practiced for over two millennia ...
s, published posthumously, as well as his first Jesuit drama, play, the ''Hermengildus''. In 1619 he published his highly influential ''Caesares'', a collection of latin elegies and verses on Roman emperors from
Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil wa ...
to
Domitian Domitian ( ; ; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavian dynasty. Described as "a r ...
and various other poems, reprinted in Oxford in 1637, and again in London in 1651. He contributed eleven inscriptions to the celebrations which commemorated, at the behest of
Pope Paul V Pope Paul V (; ) (17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 16 May 1605 to his death, in January 1621. In 1611, he honored Galileo Galilei as a mem ...
, the beatification of
Francis Xavier Francis Xavier, Jesuits, SJ (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; ; ; ; ; ; 7 April 15063 December 1552), venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Kingdom of Navarre, Navarrese cleric and missionary. He co-founded the Society of Jesus ...
(Milan, 1620). In 1622 Tesauro began his
theological Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of an ...
studies in
Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...
. The next year he moved to Milan to complete his studies. In 1624, while living in Milan, he was given permission to preach, and subsequently stayed in that city until 1630. This is the period in which he produced the sacred panegyrics, including his most famous example, the ''Giudicio'' (1625), and the work entitled ''Idea delle perfette imprese'', which remained unpublished until 1975. Subjects and objectives of this work would have been reabsorbed in the more extensive project of the influential ''Cannocchiale aristotelico''.


At the Savoy court

In 1626 Tesauro moved to the Savoy court at Turin and became preacher to the duchess Cristina. He also carried out diplomatic missions between
Lombardy The Lombardy Region (; ) is an administrative regions of Italy, region of Italy that covers ; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population. Lombardy is ...
and
Piedmont Piedmont ( ; ; ) is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the northwest Italy, Northwest of the country. It borders the Liguria region to the south, the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions to the east, and the Aosta Valley region to the ...
. Tesauro was ordained as Jesuit priest in 1627 at the insistence of Cardinal Maurizio di Savoia. Due to political contrasts, he left the order in 1634, although he remained a secular priest. After leaving the order, Tesauro followed the duke's brother
Thomas Francis, prince of Carignano Thomas Francis of Savoy, 1st Prince of Carignano (; ; 21 December 1596 – 22 January 1656) was an Italian military commander and the founder of the Carignano branch of the House of Savoy, which reigned as kings of Piedmont–Sardinia from 1 ...
as court historiographer during his Flemish campaign and the
Piedmontese Civil War The Piedmontese Civil War, also known as the Savoyard Civil War, was a conflict for control of the Savoyard state from 1639 to 1642. Although not formally part of the 1635 to 1659 Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Franco-Spanish War, Savoy's strat ...
; in this period he wrote a history of the
siege of Saint-Omer The siege of Saint-Omer (24 May – 16 July 1638) was a siege in the Thirty Years' War in which a French army under Gaspard III de Coligny, Maréchal de Châtillon, laid siege to the Flemish city of Saint-Omer, defended by a small garrison in co ...
(''Sant'Omero assediato'') and ''Campeggiamenti, overo istorie del Piemonte'', first published between 1640 and 1643. In 1642 he returned to Turin, where he became Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus () (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the world, tracing its lineage to AD 1098, a ...
and preceptor of the princes of Carignano. He later tutored the future King of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II Victor Amadeus II (; 14 May 166631 October 1732) was the head of the House of Savoy and ruler of the Savoyard states from 12 June 1675 until his abdication in 1730. He was the first of his house to acquire a royal crown, ruling first as King o ...
. In 1653 he resumed his preaching activity. In 1654 he published his masterpiece, the ''Cannocchiale aristotelico''. Two years later he was commissioned by the municipality of Turin to write a history of the city. From 1669 to 1674 Tesauro oversaw the publication of the various volumes of his '' Complete Works'', including his own revised version of the ''Cannocchiale'' (1670). He died in Turin in 1675. He was buried in the chapel of his noble family in the Church of S. Francesco in
Fossano Fossano () is a town and ''comune'' of Piedmont, Northern Italy. It is the fourth largest town of the province of Cuneo, after Cuneo, Alba and Bra. It lies on the main railway line from Turin to Cuneo and to Savona, and has a branch line to Mon ...
. Tesauro was a very prolific author: he wrote tragedies, sacred poems, historical works, including ''Del Regno d'Italia sotto i Barbari'' (Of the Kingdom of Italy under the Barbarians, 1663–64), and philosophical works, such as ''La filosofia morale'' (1670), very widespread and appreciated. Tesauro's ''Filosofia morale'' saw twenty-seven editions over the course of the following century and translations in all of the major European languages, including French,
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
,
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...
,
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
,
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
and
Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the ...
—as well as
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
(''The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy'', 1282).


''Il cannocchiale aristotelico''

Tesauro's ''Cannocchiale aristotelico'' constituted, next to
Baltasar Gracián Baltasar Gracián y Morales (; 8 January 16016 December 1658), better known as Baltasar Gracián, was a Spanish Jesuit priest and Spanish Baroque literature, Baroque prose writer and philosopher. He was born in Belmonte de Gracián, Belmonte, n ...
's writings, the most ambitious and comprehensive theory of Baroque art. Tesauro formulated much of his ''Cannocchiale'' well before the date of publication, probably during the time he spent teaching rhetoric in Milan in the 1620s. Right from the title, ''Il cannocchiale aristotelico'' (''The aristotelian telescope''), Tesauro's work aims to revolutionize rhetoric and poetry in a way similar to what
Galileo Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei ( , , ) or mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a poly ...
did in
astronomy Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest includ ...
. The expression "aristotelian telescope" is an
oxymoron An oxymoron (plurals: oxymorons and oxymora) is a figure of speech that Juxtaposition, juxtaposes concepts with opposite meanings within a word or in a phrase that is a self-contradiction (disambiguation), self-contradiction. As a rhetorical de ...
: it brings together two opposing ideas: the
telescope A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), absorption, or Reflection (physics), reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using len ...
, "one of the most significant scientific inventions from the beginning of the seventeenth century," and
Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...
, the figure "in which modern science saw its greatest antagonist." While having as a model the work of
Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...
, Tesauro tries for the first time to update the classical
rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. It is one of the three ancient arts of discourse ( trivium) along with grammar and logic/ dialectic. As an academic discipline within the humanities, rhetoric aims to study the techniques that speakers or w ...
to the new style of
Baroque literature The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s. It followed Renaissance art and Mannerism and preceded the Rococo ( ...
. He attempts to legitimise the Baroque " conceptist" style by arguing for its Aristotelian lineage. Tesauro calls on Aristotle for his own uses, one might say, making the philosopher say things that in truth he never said. For Tesauro, as for Gracián in Spain, the most important faculty for any poet is wit (''ingegno'') which can be described as the capacity to create metaphors. Tesauro holds that, in opposition to ''intelletto'' (intellect), the faculty of seeking logical truth, ''ingegno'' is the faculty of "binding together the remote and separate notions of the proposed objects", and thus exactly corresponds to "the very function of metaphor", of "express ngone concept by means of another very different one," of "finding similarity in things dissimilar". The chief instrument of wit, metaphor is capable of achieving, through
analogy Analogy is a comparison or correspondence between two things (or two groups of things) because of a third element that they are considered to share. In logic, it is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as oppose ...
, the marvelous and the new. Tesauro defined metaphor as the "madre di tutte le argutezze" other of all wit whose main aim is to generate "wonder in the reader", as well as to penetrate the variety of creation. Tesauro identifies three kinds of metaphor: the simple metaphor, the metaphysical proposition (or
allegory As a List of narrative techniques, literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a wikt:narrative, narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a meaning with moral or political signi ...
), and the metaphysical argument. These correspond to the three operations of the intellect: apprehension, judgement, and syllogistic reasoning. The intellect receives the images of the object and combines them to forge propositions in order to formulate a conclusion through syllogistic reasoning. Tesauro combines simple metaphor and allegory to propose eight further types: likeness (''simiglianza''),
metonymy Metonymy () is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something associated with that thing or concept. For example, the word " suit" may refer to a person from groups commonly wearing business attire, such as sales ...
or
synecdoche Synecdoche ( ) is a type of metonymy; it is a figure of speech that uses a term for a part of something to refer to the whole (''pars pro toto''), or vice versa (''totum pro parte''). The term is derived . Common English synecdoches include '' ...
(''attributione''), punning (''equivoco''), hypotyposis (''hipotiposi''),
hyperbole Hyperbole (; adj. hyperbolic ) is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. In rhetoric, it is also sometimes known as auxesis (literally 'growth'). In poetry and oratory, it emphasizes, evokes strong feelings, and cre ...
(''hiperboli''),
laconism A laconic phrase or laconism is a concision, concise or wikt:terse, terse statement, especially a wikt:blunt, blunt and wikt:elliptical, elliptical rejoinder. It is named after Laconia, the region of Greece including the city of Sparta, whose anci ...
(''laconismo''), opposition or
antithesis Antithesis (: antitheses; Greek for "setting opposite", from "against" and "placing") is used in writing or speech either as a proposition that contrasts with or reverses some previously mentioned proposition, or when two opposites are introd ...
(''oppositione''), and deception (''decettione''). Metaphor is the most incisive of all figures. Its purpose is more than just ornamental; it does not remain on the grammatical surface of words but penetrates and explores the most abstract notions, so that it may combine them and, in so doing, it turns words into concepts. Contrary to the Spanish term ''agudeza'', which belongs solely to literary or political discourse, wit, according to Tesauro, is not confined merely to
language Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed language, signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing syste ...
. Besides linguistic ''arguzia'', there also exists that symbolic ''arguzia'', found in the different arts:
painting Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...
,
sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...
,
emblem An emblem is an abstract art, abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a monarch or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and ''symbol'' ...
s,
architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and construction, constructi ...
,
pantomime Pantomime (; informally panto) is a type of musical comedy stage production designed for family entertainment, generally combining gender-crossing actors and topical humour with a story more or less based on a well-known fairy tale, fable or ...
,
drama Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or television.Elam (1980, 98). Considered as a g ...
and
dance Dance is an The arts, art form, consisting of sequences of body movements with aesthetic and often Symbol, symbolic value, either improvised or purposefully selected. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoir ...
. All the arts share this quality of cleverness, with some arts functioning through words and others by means of
symbol A symbol is a mark, Sign (semiotics), sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, physical object, object, or wikt:relationship, relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by cr ...
s. Tesauro attributes a well-nigh divine quality to wit. He sees ''ingegno'' as "vestige of the Divine into the human" (vestigio della Divinità nell'Animo Humano). Like Gracián, who believes that ''agudeza'' is our most sublime faculty, promoting us up the hierarchy of creatures, Tesauro considers wit 'ingegno''"a marvelous force of the intellect," representing nothing less than the human person's direct participation in divine creative power: through the exercise of his ''ingegno'', the artist or poet produces ''ex nihilo'' something completely new and original, in emulation of God's own initial act of creation. "Just as God brings forth that which is out of that which is not, so wit makes something out of nothing". The world is God's poem, which is written in conceits, and God is thus a "witty creator". Thus, the traditional notion of the world as book or the book of nature is subtly transformed into a baroque universe of metaphor, analogy, and conceit in Tesauro's poetics. Connecting apparently unrelated concepts, metaphor reveals the vast net of correspondences which unites the whole multiplicity of being. Metaphor, therefore, is not just a literary or rhetorical figure but an analytic tool that can penetrate the mysteries of God and His creation. ''Il cannocchiale aristotelico'' met with enormous success. It was reprinted eight times between 1654 and 1679. In his ''Entretiens d'Ariste et d'Eugène'' published in 1671, the Jesuit
Dominique Bouhours Dominique Bouhours (15 May 162827 May 1702) was a French Jesuit Catholic priest, priest, essayist, Linguist, grammarian, and neo-classical critic. He was born and died in Paris. Life Bouhours entered the Society of Jesus at the age of sixteen, ...
repeatedly discusses and criticizes the ideas developed by Tesauro. The influence of Emanuele Tesauro, Baltasar Gracián and Jakob Masen on European
mannerism Mannerism is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, when the Baroque style largely replaced it ...
and the rise of the "argutia" movement is well documented in the studies by Miguel Battlori, K.-P. Lange, Wilfried Barner and Barbara Bauer. Hugo Friedrich describes the ''Cannocchiale aristotelico'' as a "highpoint of Baroque poetics". Benedetto Croce wrote of Tesauro that he provided "a sketch, an idea, or at least a symbol of what aesthetics was to become". Tesauro's way of rethinking the history of rhetoric and its relationship with logic has been recalled during the eighteenth century by many thinkers, from Vico up to Baumgarten, that interpreted rhetoric tradition.


In fiction

Emanuele Tesauro served as an inspiration for the creation of Father Emanuele, one of the main characters of
Umberto Eco Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian Medieval studies, medievalist, philosopher, Semiotics, semiotician, novelist, cultural critic, and political and social commentator. In English, he is best known for his popular ...
's novel ''
The Island of the Day Before ''The Island of the Day Before'' () is a 1994 historical fiction novel by Umberto Eco set in the 17th century during the historical search for the secret of longitude. The central character is Roberto della Griva, an Italian nobleman stranded on ...
''.


Works

* * * * * * Tesauro's ''Del Regno d'Italia sotto i Barbari'' is of one of the most ambitious baroque historical interpretation of the early barbarian kingdoms of Italy spanning from Alaric's
sack of Rome (410) The sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric. At that time, Rome was no longer the administrative capital of the Western Roman Empire, having been replaced in that position first by Mediolanum ...
to the 11th century. The work is divided into 3 sections: the post-Roman interim period of Germanic caretaker kings and their
Ostrogoth The Ostrogoths () were a Roman-era Germanic peoples, Germanic people. In the 5th century, they followed the Visigoths in creating one of the two great Goths, Gothic kingdoms within the Western Roman Empire, drawing upon the large Gothic populatio ...
successors, the Lombard kings, and the
Frankish Frankish may refer to: * Franks, a Germanic tribe and their culture ** Frankish language or its modern descendants, Franconian languages, a group of Low Germanic languages also commonly referred to as "Frankish" varieties * Francia, a post-Roman ...
rulers followed by kings of Lombard descent. Additional notes printed in double columns are provided by Valeriano Castiglione on pp. 45–48, 111-120, 123-225. This book was one of the principal sources for
Alessandro Manzoni Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni (, , ; 7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet, novelist and philosopher. He is famous for the novel ''The Betrothed (Manzoni novel), The Betrothed'' (orig. ) (1827), generally ranked among ...
's tragedy ''
Adelchi ''Adelchi'' () is the second tragedy written by Alessandro Manzoni.#Banham 1998, Banham 1998, p. 678. Set on the Italian Peninsula, the play was first published in 1822. The main character is Adalgis (prince), Adelchis, the son of the last Lombar ...
'' (1822), about the son of the last Lombard king
Desiderius Desiderius, also known as Daufer or Dauferius (born – died ), was king of the Lombards in northern Italy, ruling from 756 to 774. The Frankish king of renown, Charlemagne, married Desiderius's daughter and subsequently conquered his realm. De ...
, the action taking place in 774 with the protagonist
Charlemagne Charlemagne ( ; 2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was List of Frankish kings, King of the Franks from 768, List of kings of the Lombards, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian ...
taking over the
Kingdom of the Lombards The Kingdom of the Lombards, also known as the Lombard Kingdom and later as the Kingdom of all Italy (), was an Early Middle Ages, early medieval state established by the Lombards, a Germanic people, on the Italian Peninsula in the latter part ...
. * * * * * * * * *


References

Notes Bibliography * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


External links

* * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Tesauro, Emanuele 1592 births 1675 deaths 17th-century Italian historians 17th-century Italian Jesuits Italian male poets Italian rhetoricians Writers from Turin Italian male non-fiction writers Italian Baroque writers Jesuit philosophers Catholic philosophers Italian Roman Catholic writers 17th-century Italian philosophers Metaphor theorists Trope theorists Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 17th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights 17th-century Italian male writers Italian male dramatists and playwrights