''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of

foraminifera Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly ...

. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams,

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

s from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of the species within this genus is disputed due to the high variability of some species.

Description

''Elphidium'' is generally around 1 mm in size. The

test Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to: * Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities Arts and entertainment * ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film * ''Test'' (2014 film), ...

is spiral-shaped, and can be red, orange, or brown. This shell is made up of calcium carbonate. Species of this genus have seven to twenty chambers in the final whorl, and may have an umbilical plug on each side. In some species the rim is sharp, while in others it is more rounded. Another distinctive feature is the retral processes (small backward extensions of the chamber walls) that cross the sutures, giving some the appearance of tiny rolled up glass baskets. ''Elphidium'' crawls using a type of

pseudopod A pseudopod or pseudopodium (plural: pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consist of actin filament ...

called reticulopodia.

Life cycle

''Elphidium'' shows dimorphism with alternating generations. The complete cycle for ''Elphidium crispum'' takes two years in the shallower marine regions, although it may be delayed at deeper stations. Asexual reproduction reaches a peak in spring of the first year. Sexual reproduction begins early in the second spring as temperatures begin to rise. The gametes conjugate outside in open sea to produce zygotes and the B form then develops and matures during the second summer. Lister (1895) observed ''Elphidium'' in two different forms as megalospheric form (sexual form) and microsperic form (asexual form). The megalosperic form was developed from the microsperic form. The

gamete A gamete (; , ultimately ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. In species that produce ...

s which gives rise to microspheric form by

syngamy Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a new individual organism or offspring and initiate its development. Pro ...

. ''Elphidium'' exhibits an alternation of generation in its life cycle. The megalosperic forms alternates with microspheric forms. The microspheric forms are developed by the conjugation or syngamy. It means there is always an alternations of asexual (microspheric) and sexual (megalospheric) generation in ''Elphidium''. The microspheric form reproduces asexually by

fission Fission, a splitting of something into two or more parts, may refer to: * Fission (biology), the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original * Nuclear fissio ...

to produce a number of amoebulae. The inner

cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. ...

mass containing several nuclei creeps out of the shell and remains as a lump around it. A small amount of cytoplasm collects around each nucleus. As a result, a large number of amoeboid cells are formed. Each amoebula secretes the proloculum, formsrhizopodia, then it grows and forms other chambers of the shell to become a megalospheric forms. The megalospheric form reproduces sexually by syngamy or conjugation. During sexual reproduction in megalospheric forms, nucleus first breaks up into many small nuclei and the cytoplasm collects around each of these nuclei. The nuclei divide twice giving rise to a large haploid and known as isogametes. Isogametes of two different individuals fuse in pairs to form zygotes. These are then develops into microspheric form. The life cycle of ''Elphidium'' may be summarized as follows: the microspheric forms produce amoebulae by asexual fission which develops into megalospheric forms. The megalospheric forms produce flagellated isogametes which after syngamy produce zygotes that develop into microspheric forms. Thus, its life cycle clearly exhibits the phenomenon of alternations of asexual microspheric generations with sexual megalospheric generations.

Subdivisions

*Subgenus ''

Elphidium (Parrellina) ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Carter, 1958 **''

Elphidium (Parrellina) centrifugalis ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Carter, 1958 *Subgenus ''

Elphidium (Polystomella) ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932 *''Elphidium'' ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

'' **''

Elphidium abyssicola ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Ishiwada, 1964 **''

Elphidium aculeatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **''

Elphidium adelaidense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Howchin & Parr, 1938 **''

Elphidium advenum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Cushman, 1922) **''

Elphidium africanum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' LeRoy, 1953 **''

Elphidium aguafrescaense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **''

Elphidium alaskense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman & Todd, 1947 **''

Elphidium albanii ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''

Elphidium alvarezianum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''

Elphidium ancestrum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Le Calvez, 1950 **''

Elphidium argenteum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Parr, 1945 **'' Elphidium armenium'' Saakyan-Gezalyan, 1957 **''

Elphidium articulatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''

Elphidium asagaiense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Asano, 1949 **''

Elphidium asanoi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Kaiho, 1984 **''

'' Matsunaga, 1963 **''

Elphidium asiaticum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Polski, 1959 **''

Elphidium asklundi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Brotzen, 1943 **'' Elphidium australis'' Cushman & Parker, 1931 **''

Elphidium azerbaidjanicum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Mamedova, 1966 **''

Elphidium aznaburticum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Pronina, 1964 **''

Elphidium bartletti ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Cushman, 1933 **''

Elphidium batavum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Hofker, 1968 **'' Elphidium batialis'' Saidova, 1961 **''

Elphidium bhattacharyai ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Jauhri, 1994 **''

Elphidium biperforatus ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Whittaker & Hodgkinson, 1979) **''

Elphidium bogdanowiczi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Pronina, 1964 **''

Elphidium bosoense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Fujita, 1956 **''

Elphidium botaniense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Albani, 1981 **''

Elphidium brooklynense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Shupack, 1934 **''

Elphidium californicum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cook Ms., 1959 **'' Elphidium capelavelaense'' McCulloch, 1981 **''

Elphidium carenerosensis ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Bermúdez & Fuenmayor, 1966 **''

Elphidium cariacoense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Bermúdez & Seiglie, 1963 **''

Elphidium carpentariaense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Albani & Yassini, 1993 **''

Elphidium carteri ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''

Elphidium cercadense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Bermúdez, 1949 **''

Elphidium chapmani ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1936 **''

Elphidium charlottense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Vella, 1957) **''

Elphidium cherifi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Anan, 2010 **'' Elphidium chilenum'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **''

Elphidium clarki ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Graham, 1950 **''

Elphidium clavatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman Em. Loeblich & Tappan, 1953 **'' Elphidium cochense'' McCulloch, 1981 **'' Elphidium collinsi'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''

Elphidium colomboense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' McCulloch, 1977 **''

Elphidium colomi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Ferrer, 1971 **''

Elphidium complanatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''

Elphidium compressulum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Copeland, 1964 **''

Elphidium concinnum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Khalilov, 1957 **''

'' Nicol, 1944 **''

Elphidium consociatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Khalilov, 1957 **''

Elphidium costiferum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Terquem, 1882) **''

Elphidium crassatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1936 **''

Elphidium crassimargo ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Shchedrina, 1984 **''

Elphidium craticulatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Fichtel & Moll, 1798) **''

Elphidium crespinae ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium crispum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) **''

Elphidium cristobalense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' McCulloch, 1981 **''

Elphidium cubaguaense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' McCulloch, 1981 **''

Elphidium culebrense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1936 **''

Elphidium cuvillieri ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Levy, 1966 **''

Elphidium cynicalis ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Jennings, 1936 **''

Elphidium decipiens ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (O.G.Costa, 1856) **''

Elphidium decorum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Qiu & Lin, 1978 **''

Elphidium deferrariisi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Malumián, 1990 **''

Elphidium delicatulum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Bermúdez, 1949 **''

Elphidium discoidale ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''

Elphidium dominicense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Bermúdez, 1949 **'' Elphidium dopperti'' Daniels, 2001 **''

Elphidium duzdagicum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Pronina, 1964 **''

Elphidium earlandi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium echinus'' Serova, 1955 **''

Elphidium elegans ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Serova, 1955 **''

Elphidium elegantum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Hofker, 1976) **''

Elphidium ellisi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Weiss, 1954 **''

Elphidium eocenicum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman & Ellisor, 1931 **''

Elphidium excubitor ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Nicol, 1944 **''

Elphidium exoticum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Haynes, 1973 **''

Elphidium ezoense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Asano, 1937 **''

Elphidium fastigiatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1945 **''

Elphidium fax ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Nicol, 1944 **'' Elphidium fedorowi'' Bogdanovich, 1960 **''

Elphidium felsense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Papp, 1963 **''

Elphidium ferrentegranulum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''

Elphidium fichtelianum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **'' Elphidium fijiense'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''

Elphidium fimbriatulum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Cushman, 1918) **''

Elphidium fissurisuturalum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Wang, He & Lu, 1988 **''

Elphidium flexuosum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **''

Elphidium florentinae ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Shupack, 1934 **''

Elphidium formosum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Todd, 1957 **''

Elphidium friedbergi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium frigidum'' Cushman, 1933 **'' Elphidium frizzelli'' Miller, 1953 **''

Elphidium galvestonense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Kornfeld, 1931 **'' Elphidium georgianum'' Cushman, 1935 **''

Elphidium georgium ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Venglinsky, 1958 **''

Elphidium gibsoni ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Hayward, 1979 **''

Elphidium glabratum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' Cushman, 1939 **''

Elphidium granatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Gudina, 1964 **''

Elphidium granti ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Kleinpell, 1938 **''

Elphidium granulosum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' (Sidebottom, 1909) **''

Elphidium grimensis ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Quilty, 1980 **''

Elphidium groenlandicum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1933 **'' Elphidium guraboense'' Bermúdez, 1949 **'' Elphidium haagensis'' van Voorthuysen, 1950 **''

Elphidium hadleyana ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Smitter, 1955 **''

Elphidium halickii ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Brodniewicz, 1972 **''

Elphidium hallandense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Brotzen, 1943 **''

Elphidium hampdenense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Finlay, 1939 **''

Elphidium hauerinum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **''

Elphidium hawkesburyense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy o ...

'' (Albani, 1974) **''

Elphidium helenae ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Quilty, 1980 **''

Elphidium hiltermanni ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Hagn, 1952 **''

Elphidium hispidulum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1936 **''

Elphidium hokkaidoense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Asano, 1950 **''

Elphidium hornibrooki ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Srinivasan, 1966 **''

Elphidium howchini ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman, 1936 **''

Elphidium hughesi ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Cushman & Grant, 1927 **''

Elphidium humboldtensis ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Haller, 1980 **''

Elphidium hungaricum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Korecz-Laky, 1967 **''

Elphidium hyalocostatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Todd, 1957 **''

Elphidium ibericum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Schrodt, 1890) **''

Elphidium icenorum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Macfadyen, 1939 **''

Elphidium inchonense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Mcculloch, 1977 **''

Elphidium inclarum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''Elphidium indicum'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium infrajuliense'' Bertels, 1977 **''Elphidium ingressans'' Dorreen, 1948 **''Elphidium inopinatum'' Khalilov, 1957 **''Elphidium iojimaense'' Asano & Murata, 1958 **''Elphidium iranicum'' (Yassini & Ghahreman, 1977) **''Elphidium ishikariense'' Kaiho, 1984 **''Elphidium izumoense'' Nomura, 1990 **''Elphidium javanum'' Yabe & Asano, 1937 **''Elphidium jiani'' Lei & Li, 2016 **''Elphidium johnstonae'' Mclean, 1956 **''Elphidium joukovi'' Serova, 1955 **''Elphidium kadilnicovi'' Semenov & Semenova, 1980 **''Elphidium kaicherae'' Mclean, 1956 **''Elphidium kaneharai'' Ishiwada, 1958 **''Elphidium kanoum'' Hayward, 1979 **''Elphidium karenae'' Asbjornsdottir, 1994 **''Elphidium karpaticum'' Myatlyuk, 1950 **''Elphidium kazmakrisense'' Mamedova, 1966 **''Elphidium kerguelenense'' Parr, 1950 **''Elphidium kobense'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium koberi'' Tollmann, 1955 **''Elphidium koeboeense'' LeRoy, 1939 **''Elphidium kozlowskii'' Brodniewicz, 1965 **''Elphidium kudakoense'' Bogdanovich, 1947 **''Elphidium kusiroense'' Asano, 1938 **''Elphidium laeve'' (d'Orbigny in Parker, Jones & Brady, 1865) **''Elphidium lagunense'' (Albani & Balbero, 1982) **''Elphidium laloviensis'' Venglinsky, 1948 **''Elphidium lanieri'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''Elphidium latidorsatum'' (Reuss, 1864) **''Elphidium latispatium'' Poag, 1966 **''Elphidium latusovum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''Elphidium lauritaense'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **''Elphidium lautenschlaegeri'' Voloshinova, 1952 **''Elphidium lene'' Cushman & McCulloch, 1940 **''Elphidium lens'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **''Elphidium leonensis'' Applin & Jordan, 1945 **''Elphidium lessonii'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''Elphidium ligatum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''Elphidium limatulum'' Copeland, 1964 **''Elphidium limpidum'' Ho, Hu & Wang, 1965 **''Elphidium lobatum'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **''Elphidium ludbrookae'' Bhalla & Dev, 1988 **''Elphidium mabutii'' Asano, 1962 **''Elphidium macellum'' (Fichtel & Moll, 1798) **''Elphidium maioricense'' Colom, 1942 **''Elphidium manibulum'' Khalilov, 1957 **''Elphidium maorium'' Hayward, 1997 **''Elphidium margaritaceum'' Cushman, 1930 **''Elphidium marshallana'' Todd & Post, 1954 **''Elphidium matagordanum'' (Kornfeld, 1931) **''Elphidium matanginuiense'' Hayward, 1997 **''Elphidium matauraense'' Hayward, 1997 **''Elphidium matsuense'' Nomura, 1990 **''Elphidium matsukawauraense'' Takayanagi, 1955 **''Elphidium mawsoni'' Parr, 1950 **''Elphidium mexicanum'' Kornfeld, 1931 **''Elphidium microelegans'' Serova, 1955 **''Elphidium microgranulosum'' Galloway & Wissler, 1951 **''Elphidium miikense'' Murata, 1961 **''Elphidium millettiforme'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium minutum'' (Reuss, 1865) **''Elphidium mirandum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''Elphidium mironovi'' Voloshinova, 1952 **''Elphidium morenoi'' Bermúdez, 1935 **''Elphidium mortonbayense'' Albani & Yassini, 1993 **''Elphidium multacamerum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''Elphidium mundulum'' Todd & Low, 1960 **''Elphidium musselroeensis'' Quilty, 1980 **''Elphidium nagaoi'' Asano, 1938 **''Elphidium nakanokawaense'' Shirai, 1960 **''Elphidium nataliae'' Popescu, 1995 **''Elphidium nautiloideum'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **''Elphidium neocrespinae'' Gibson, 1983 **''Elphidium neosimplex'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium nigarense'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium nipeense'' Keijzer, 1945 **''Elphidium noniformis'' Gerke in Voloshinova & Dain, 1952 **''Elphidium nonioniformis'' Smigielska, 1957 **''Elphidium norvangi'' Buzas, Smith & Beem, 1977 **''Elphidium notabilis'' Pishvanova, 1958 **''Elphidium novozealandicum'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium obtusum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **''Elphidium oceanense'' (d'Orbigny in Fornasini, 1904) **''Elphidium oceanicum'' Cushman, 1933 **''Elphidium oligocenicum'' Khalilov, 1951 **''Elphidium ombetsuense'' Asano, 1962 **''Elphidium omotoensis'' Dorreen, 1948 **''Elphidium omuraense'' Shuto, 1953 **''Elphidium onerosum'' Bogdanovich, 1960 **''Elphidium orientale'' Voloshinova, 1952 **''Elphidium owenianum'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''Elphidium ozawai'' Uchio, 1951 **''Elphidium panamense'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium papillosum'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium paraense'' Petri, 1954 **''Elphidium paraskevaidisi'' Christodoulou, 1960 **''Elphidium parviforme'' McCulloch, 1981 **''Elphidium parvulum'' Aoki, 1968 **''Elphidium parvum'' Zheng, 1980 **''Elphidium parvus'' Eremeeva, 1961 **''Elphidium patagonicum'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **''Elphidium perforatum'' Nomura, 1990 **''Elphidium perscitum'' Serova, 1955 **''Elphidium philippense'' Hayward, 1997 **''Elphidium phillipense'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''Elphidium pilasense'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium planiforme'' McCulloch, 1981 **''Elphidium planulatum'' (Lamarck, 1822) **''Elphidium planum'' Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944 **''Elphidium podolicum'' Serova, 1955 **''Elphidium ponticum'' (Dolgopolskaya & Pauli, 1931) **''Elphidium primum'' Ten Dam, 1944 **''Elphidium pseudoinflatum'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium pseudolessonii'' Ten Dam & Reinhold, 1941 **''Elphidium pseudonodosum'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium puertoricense'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **''Elphidium pulvereum'' Todd, 1958 **''Elphidium punctatum'' (Terquem, 1878) **''Elphidium puscharovski'' Serova, 1955 **''Elphidium pusillogranosum'' Venglinsky, 1958 **''Elphidium pustulisuturale'' Wang & Cheng, 1981 **''Elphidium pustulosum'' Cushman & McCulloch, 1940 **''Elphidium rarum'' Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944 **''Elphidium rasshamali'' Haque, 1970 **''Elphidium reginum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **''Elphidium reticulosum'' Cushman, 1933 **''Elphidium rioturbiense'' Malumián, 1994 **''Elphidium rischtanicum'' Bykova, 1939 **''Elphidium rolshauseni'' Cushman & Ellisor, 1939 **''Elphidium rota'' Ellis, 1939 **''Elphidium rotatum'' Howchin & Parr, 1938 **''Elphidium rugosum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **''Elphidium rugulosum'' Cushman & Wickenden, 1929 **''Elphidium rutteni'' Hermes, 1945 **''Elphidium saginatum'' Finlay, 1939 **''Elphidium sagrum'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **''Elphidium saitoi'' Asano & Murata, 1958 **''Elphidium salebrosum'' Serova, 1955 **''Elphidium samueli'' Zlinská, 1993 **''Elphidium sandiegoense'' (Lankford, 1973) **''Elphidium sandongensis'' He & Hu, 1978 **''Elphidium schencki'' Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934 **''Elphidium schreiteri'' Eichenberg, 1935 **''Elphidium semiinvolutum'' Myatlyuk, 1956 **''Elphidium semistriatum'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) **''Elphidium sendaiense'' Takayanagi, 1950 **''Elphidium seranense'' Valk, 1945 **''Elphidium seymourense'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium shochinae'' Mayer, 1968 **''Elphidium silvestrii'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''Elphidium simaense'' Makiyama & Nakagawa, 1941 **''Elphidium simulatum'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium singaporense'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium skyringense'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **''Elphidium smithi'' Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934 **''Elphidium somaense'' Takayanagi, 1955 **''Elphidium spinatum'' Cushman & Valentine, 1930 **''Elphidium stebnicaensis'' Pishvanova, 1964 **''Elphidium stellans'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''Elphidium stelliferum'' Khalilov, 1957 **''Elphidium stimulum'' Cushman & McCulloch, 1940 **''Elphidium strattoni'' (Applin, 1925) **''Elphidium striatopunctatum'' (Fichtel & Moll, 1798) **''Elphidium subcarinatum'' (Egger, 1857) **''Elphidium subcrispum'' Nakamura, 1937 **''Elphidium subfichtelianum'' Mamedova, 1966 **''Elphidium subincertum'' Asano, 1950 **''Elphidium subinflatum'' Cushman, 1936 **''Elphidium subnodosum'' (Münster, 1838) **''Elphidium subrotatum'' Hornibrook, 1961 **''Elphidium subsphaericum'' Cushman & Hedberg, 1930 **''Elphidium sumitomoi'' Asano & Murata, 1958 **''Elphidium suzukii'' Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944 **''Elphidium taiwanum'' Nakamura, 1937 **''Elphidium tengiense'' Mamedova, 1966 **''Elphidium terquemianum'' Le Calvez, 1950 **''Elphidium tikutoensis'' Nakamura, 1937 **''Elphidium toddae'' Petri, 1955 **''Elphidium tongaense'' (Cushman, 1931) **''Elphidium transcarpaticum'' Venglinsky, 1948 **''Elphidium translucens'' Natland, 1938 **''Elphidium tropicale'' Petri, 1954 **''Elphidium tsudai'' Chiji & Nakaseko, 1950 **''Elphidium tumidum'' Natland, 1938 **''Elphidium twiggsanum'' Cushman, 1945 **''Elphidium ukrainicum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **''Elphidium ustilatum'' Todd, 1957 **''Elphidium vavauense'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''Elphidium vellai'' Hayward, 1997 **''Elphidium venetum'' (Albani, Favero & Serandrei Barbero, 1991) **''Elphidium vitreum'' Collins, 1974 **''Elphidium voorthuyseni'' Haake, 1962 **''Elphidium vulgare'' Voloshinova, 1952 **''Elphidium waddense'' van Voorthuysen, 1975 **''Elphidium wadeae'' (Hornibrook, 1961) **''Elphidium wakkanabense'' Kaiho, 1992 **''Elphidium williamsoni'' Haynes, 1973 **''Elphidium wordeni'' McCulloch, 1977 **''Elphidium yumotoense'' Asano, 1949 **''Elphidium zeivensis'' Khalilov, 1957

References

* Alfred R. Loeblich Jr, Loeblich and Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich, Helen Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. * _____ 1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. E-boo

:'' For illustrations see''
ElphidiumWorld Modern Foraminifera Database

Description

Life cycle

Subdivisions

References

Further reading