Elihan Tore (; zh, c=艾力汗·吐烈; 21 March 1884 – 28 February 1976) was the president of the Second East Turkestan Republic. He was born in

Tokmok Tokmok (; ) is a city in the Chüy Valley, northern Kyrgyzstan, east of the country's capital of Bishkek, with a population of 71,443 in 2021. Its elevation is 816 m above sea level. From 2003 to 2006, it was the administrative seat of Chüy R ...

, Kyrgyzstan, and in 1920 he fled from the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

to Kashgar in

Xinjiang Xinjiang,; , SASM/GNC romanization, SASM/GNC: Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Sinkiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People' ...

, China. In April 1944, Tore, eleven other Turkic leaders formed a separatist organization in Ghulja (Yining) to end Chinese Nationalist rule and establish an independent East Turkestan.(Chinese
动荡之源：新疆三区革命的国际背景《西域研究》 2013 No. 3
10 January 2014 On 11 November 1944, they launched the

Ili Rebellion The Ili Rebellion () was a Separatism, separatist uprising by the Turkic peoples of northern Xinjiang (East Turkestan) against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China, from 1944 to 1946. The Ili Rebel ...

with the support of the Soviet Union.

Biography

Elihan Tore was elected as president of the Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR) the day after a successful rebellion in Ghulja on 12 November 1944. He held the military rank of marshal in the East Turkestan National Army, formed on 8 April 1945. Tore was the only person in the ETR leadership who opposed

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...

's order to terminate hostilities with the Chinese Nationalists and start negotiations in October 1945. On 16 June 1946, six days after signing a peace agreement between the ETR and Chinese Nationalists, Tore was forcibly returned to the Soviet Union by the

KGB The Committee for State Security (, ), abbreviated as KGB (, ; ) was the main security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1991. It was the direct successor of preceding Soviet secret police agencies including the Cheka, Joint State Polit ...

and confined there. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest in

Tashkent Tashkent (), also known as Toshkent, is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Uzbekistan, largest city of Uzbekistan. It is the most populous city in Central Asia, with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1, 2024. I ...

, where he wrote a book about Xinjiang titled ''Türkistan kaygısı'' ("Turkistan Tragedy").

Works

* ''Türkistan kaygısı'', Tashkent,

Uzbekistan , image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg , image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg , symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem , national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...

, East Publishing House, 2003 * ''Tarihiy Muhammadiy'', Tashkent,

, Publisher: Kutlukkhan Shakirov * ''Drifter Saghuniy''

External links

''Alikhan Tura and the Uyghur People''
* .
''Elihan Tore in issue 1 of the Islamic Turkistan''

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tore, Elihan Chinese Muslims East Turkestan independence activists 1884 births 1976 deaths Uzbeks Muslims from the Russian Empire