Elfriede Rinkel
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Elfriede Lina Rinkel (née Huth, 14 July 1922 – July 2018) was a German
Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
guard at the
Ravensbrück concentration camp Ravensbrück () was a Nazi concentration camp exclusively for women from 1939 to 1945, located in northern Germany, north of Berlin at a site near the village of Ravensbrück (part of Fürstenberg/Havel). The camp memorial's estimated figure of 1 ...
from June 1944 until April 1945, known for using an SS-trained guard dog to abuse prisoners. After the war she fled to the United States and married a German Jewish man who she claimed never knew about her role in
the Holocaust The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...
. In 2004 she was discovered and in 2006 she was deported to Germany on suspicion of Nazi-sponsored persecution, but all criminal proceedings were dropped. She was never tried and died in a nursing home.


Atrocities at Ravensbrück concentration camp

Ravensbrück was the Nazi's largest
concentration camp A concentration camp is a prison or other facility used for the internment of political prisoners or politically targeted demographics, such as members of national or ethnic minority groups, on the grounds of national security, or for exploitati ...
for women. There, 132,000 women and children (and 20,000 men) were imprisoned. In 1945, while Rinkel worked there, thousands of prisoners were killed on the orders of the SS in the
gas chambers A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. History Gener ...
.


Post-war marriage and trials

She left Germany for the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
and was admitted as an immigrant on or around 21 September 1959 in
San Francisco, California San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of ...
. At a German-American club in San Francisco she met Fred William Rinkel, a German Jew whose family had been murdered in the
Holocaust The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...
, and they married about 1962. Together, they mixed in Jewish circles, attended synagogue and donated to Jewish charities. Fred died in 2004 and was buried in a Jewish cemetery. Rinkel stated she never told her husband of her past. Eventually, the Office of Special Investigations uncovered her whereabouts, and approached her on 4 October 2004. Rinkel confessed to having worked in the Ravensbrück concentration camp from June 1944 until April 1945, as a voluntary dog handler: this activity was better paid than the ordinary work of supervisors. She claimed that she did not use her dog as a weapon against prisoners, and that she did not join the
Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor ...
. However, other information contradicts this: "One prisoner reported that women were even worse than men in commanding their dogs to brutally attack inmates." Rinkel claimed to have always behaved correctly. Insa Eschebach, a historian and the director of the Museum of the Ravensbrück concentration camp, deemed this a protective claim. Dogs could be used recklessly. Some guards let the animals go on prisoners, on whom they, with sometimes fatal consequence, inflicted severe bite wounds. Since other crimes were barred, the Central Office of the State Justice Administration for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes in Ludwigsburg examined only whether it is possible to prove whether Rinkel murdered any inmates. If that could be proved, it risked a life sentence. The
Simon Wiesenthal Center The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) is a Jewish human rights organization established in 1977 by Rabbi Marvin Hier. The center is known for Holocaust research and remembrance, hunting Nazi war criminals, combating antisemitism, tolerance educati ...
in Jerusalem insisted on a trial. On 1 September 2006 Rinkel was deported to Germany under a settlement agreement signed in June 2006 after being charged by a federal law requiring removal of aliens who took part in acts of Nazi-sponsored persecution filed by the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations (OSI) and the
United States Department of Homeland Security The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. United States federal executive departments, federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the Interior minister, interior, Home Secretary ...
's
Immigration and Customs Enforcement The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE; ) is a federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Homeland Security. ICE's stated mission is to protect the United States from transnational crime and ille ...
(ICE). The German authorities were informed by the American authorities after her departure and she did not challenge her denaturalisation. Assistant Attorney General Alice Fisher issued a statement, saying that: "Concentration camp guards such as Elfriede Rinkel played a vital role in the Nazi regime's horrific mistreatment of innocent victims. This case reflects the government's unwavering commitment to remove Nazi persecutors from this country." The San Francisco Jewish community and her neighbours were shocked when the statement was released about Elfriede's past. After her deportation, Kurt Schrimm from the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes stated that her files were given to the prosecutor in Cologne. All criminal proceedings were eventually closed due to missing initial suspicion. She spent some time on a farm in the Rhineland with distant relatives, then moved into a nursing home in Willich, Northrhine-Westfalia, where she died in July 2018.


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* {{DEFAULTSORT:Rinkel, Elfriede 1922 births 2018 deaths Female guards in Nazi concentration camps People from Leipzig Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel Emigrants from West Germany to the United States Nazis deported from the United States