Elcho Island, known to its
traditional owners as Galiwin'ku (Galiwinku) is an island off the coast of
Arnhem Land
Arnhem Land is a historical region of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located in the north-eastern corner of the territory and is around from the territorial capital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Darwin. In 1623, Dutch East India Compa ...
, in the
Northern Territory
The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT; known formally as the Northern Territory of Australia and informally as the Territory) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian internal territory in the central and central-northern regi ...
of Australia. It is located at the southern end of the
Wessel Islands group located in the East Arnhem Region. Galiwin'ku is also the name of the settlement where the island's largest community lives. Elcho Island formed part of the traditional lands of the
Yan-nhaŋu, according to
Norman Tindale. According to J. C. Jennison, the
Aboriginal inhabitants were the
Dhuwal, who called themselves the ''Kokalango Mala'' (''mala'' = clan.)
History
The settlement was originally established as a Methodist mission in 1942, with the arrival of Harold Shepherdson, a lay associate of the
Methodist Overseas Mission from
Milingimbi. It remained under church direction until 1974, when it became self-managed.
Geography and demographics
Elcho Island is approximately long and across at its widest point. It is bounded on the western side by the
Arafura Sea and on the east by the Cadell Strait. Elcho Island is a short distance away from the mainland and
Howard Island.
Galiwin'ku, located near the island's southern tip, is the main community on the island. It is the largest and most remote Aboriginal community in northeast Arnhem Land, the second largest Aboriginal community (in terms of concentrated population) in the Northern Territory, and ranks eleventh in population of the 69 local government bodies in the Territory. There are 60 ''mala'' or hereditary tribal groups, with up to 22 different dialects being used in the community. The
lingua franca
A lingua franca (; ; for plurals see ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, link language or language of wider communication (LWC), is a Natural language, language systematically used to make co ...
is now
Djambarrpuyngu. The people of Galiwin'ku, approximately 2,000 residents, retain their traditions and culture. These are passed to future generations by adherence to strict traditional methods and education, including a means to help them embrace the wider Australian community.
There are also many
outstations, including
Inglis Island on the namesake island and Matamata, Maparru, and Gariyak on the mainland. The island has a base population of 2,200 people, including 70 non-Aboriginal people. It was the home of the late Aboriginal folk musician
Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu. The population of Galiwin'ku varies during the seasons, with many outstation residents migrating to the community during the wet season due to inaccessibility. The community also serves approximately 25 outstations with a total population of approx. 450 people, with 12 of the outstations on Elcho Island, which are listed from north to south:
# ''Nanyingburra''
#
Gawa (Gäwa)
# ''Ban'thula'' (Gampura)
# ''Djurranalpi'' (Djanalpi)
# ''Dharawa
# ''Gitan''
# ''Gulmarri''
# ''Watdagawuy''
# ''Dhayirri''
# ''Dyawili'' (First Creek)
# ''Dadupu''
# ''Galawarra''
Eighteen connected clan groups within the Elcho Island locale have close cultural ties with mainland Arnhem Land clans and language groups. The most commonly spoken languages are Djambarrpuyngu and Gupapuyngu (both
Yolngu Matha languages). However, there are at least 12 more languages in use in the region.
Facilities
Galiwin'ku is a traditional Aboriginal community with restricted access; permission to visit is required by law and can be made through the
Northern Land Council directly or via the Galiwin'ku Council. Total alcohol restrictions apply and there is no petrol available on the island; all petroleum-powered vehicles use the low-aromatic petrol "
Opal
Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silicon dioxide, silica (SiO2·''n''H2O); its water content may range from 3% to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6% and 10%. Due to the amorphous (chemical) physical structure, it is classified as a ...
" as a fuel substitute.
The island is served by
Elcho Island Airport.
Geology
A "subsurface radial dyke swarm" of
dolerite known as Galiwinku Dolerite (named after the township) occurs on the
Gove Peninsula and continues under the Arafura Sea and on the Wessel Islands, including Galiwinku and
Milingimbi Islands. The layer of dolerite lies under the Mamadawerre Sandstone.
Population
According to the
2016 census of Population, there were 2,206 people in Elcho Island (counted as Galiwinku (State Suburb) in the Census Report).
* Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 94.0% of the population.
* 97.7% of people were born in Australia.
* 78.1% of people spoke Djambarrpuyngu at home. 4.9% of people only spoke English at home.
* The most common response for religion was Uniting Church at 86.8%.
* 42.2% of the population is under 20 years of age, with 14% over 50.
Services
The local government for Elcho Island is the
East Arnhem Regional Council (EARC), formed in 2008, which services a total of nine remote communities of Arnhem Land. The Council delivers a range of services across community services and commercial services and, in doing so, they aim to support the ongoing sustainability of their communities as well as to suppoty quality of life, employment and the provision of basic services. These services include:
* Aged and disability service
* Animal management
* Cemetery management
* Children and family services
* Citizenship ceremonies
* Commercial services
* Community patrol
* Environmental and waste services
* Library: Galiwin'ku Community Library provides books, magazines and resources for the use of community members; also provided is free internet, activities for children and
local history
Local history is the study of history in a geographically local context, often concentrating on a relatively small local community. It incorporates cultural history, cultural and social history, social aspects of history. Local history is not mer ...
information. Library services are provided to the community via Library & Archives NT and they are operated by local Indigenous Community Library Officers. In 2017 Galiwin'ku Library staff participated in Yolŋu Rom Napurrn Dhukarr: the Living Room Project, the development of a pilot classification system based on Yolngu knowledge, and replacing the Dewey Decimal System.
* Local emergency management
* Traffic management and local roads
* Youth, sport and recreation
Education
Shepherdson College is a
bilingual
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolin ...
school, teaching around 700 students ranging from birth to year 12 in
Djambarrpuyŋu and English. Like nine other schools in the NT (including
Yirkala School), it aims to teach "Both-ways": Yolŋu and
Balanda (white person's way). It is named after the
missionary
A missionary is a member of a Religious denomination, religious group who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Thoma ...
Ella Shepherdson, who from 1943 taught students under a tree. Her husband, Rev. Harold Shepherdson, known as "Bäpa Sheppy" built the first school building with the help of Yolngu people, including one of Ella's first students. As a "Centre of Cultural Excellence", it teaches dance, visual arts, music and crafts. Artist and senior land custodian of
Yalangbara,
Mawalan 2 Marika, has been working at the school.
Elcho Island Dancers
In 2007 a group of local Elcho Island dancers, the
Djuki Mala dancers, choreographed and performed a dance routine to
Zorba the Greek. The performance was recorded and uploaded to YouTube on 2 November of that year; in six weeks the video received more than 360,000 views, averaging 8,000 a day. Due to this success the group toured parts of
Queensland
Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...
and performed in the
Art Gallery of New South Wales
The Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), founded as the New South Wales Academy of Art in 1872 and known as the National Art Gallery of New South Wales between 1883 and 1958, is located in The Domain, Sydney, Australia. It is the most import ...
in
Sydney
Sydney is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales and the List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Syd ...
in June 2008. They also appeared as the opening act at the
Melbourne International Comedy Festival Gala 2009.
Elcho Island Arts
Elcho Island Arts supports
Yolŋu artists in sharing their culture and allows them to derive an income from selling their artworks. It provides assistance in production and professional development for both emerging and established artists from Galiwin'ku and the surrounding Marthakal homelands, and helps to promote and distribute Yolngu art. The centre has been community-operated since 1992, and includes well-known artists such as
fibre artist
Mavis Warrngilna Ganambarr, painter
Peter Datjin Bararrwanga, carver and weaver
Judy Manany and senior custodian of the
Banumbirr Morning Star Pole,
Gali Yalkarriwuy Gurruwiwi, among others.
In 2018, Elcho Island Arts was relaunched under the direction of senior artists Ganambarr, Manany, Burarrwanga, and Gurruwiwi.
Discovery of an ancient coin
In 2018 a coin, thought to be from the medieval
Kilwa sultanate on the east coast of Africa was found on a beach on Elcho Island by archaeologist and member of the Past Masters, Mike Hermes. Similar coins have been found on
Marchinbar Island, also in the Wessel Islands group.
Cultural references
Elcho Island was the inspiration for the song "
My Island Home" originally written by
Neil Murray for the
Warumpi Band. The song was later covered by
Christine Anu and she performed her rendition at the closing ceremony of the
Sydney Olympic Games.
A memorial ceremony for
George Burrarrawanga, one of the founding members of the Warumpi Band, was performed on the island in June 2007.
Notable people
*
Baykali Ganambarr, actor
*
Cyrus Villanueva, singer
*
George Rrurrambu Burarrwanga, musician
*
Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, musician
*
Leila Gurruwiwi, television presenter
See also
*
Australian Aboriginal art
*
Elcho Island Airport
*
Gawa, Elcho Island
Notes
Citations
Sources
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External links
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Elcho Island
{{Authority control
Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory
Islands of the Northern Territory