El Amra
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El Amra is a town in northern
Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...
.


Description

El Amra, in Arabic: العامرة (the full, opulent) ("crown of agriculture" 2), until the decree of 2 January 1976, is a municipality of the
wilaya Of Aïn Defla A wilayah ( or ''wilāya'', plural ; Urdu, Pashto and ; ) is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province" or occasionally as "governorate". The word comes from the Arabic root "''w-l-y''", "to govern": a ''wāli''—"g ...
in
Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...
, located about 15 km north-west of Aïn Defla. El Amra is a region of plains to the
south South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both west and east. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþa ...
, but of
mountain A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a plateau in having a limited summit area, and is usually higher t ...
and forest in the north with Djebel Tsili Mount (798 m) and Mount Djebel Mechta Anneb (1118 m) which are part of the central mass of the Dahra and the Forest of Oued El Khemis. It lies between the El Arch wadi to the east and a boundary that follows the
Wadi Wadi ( ; ) is a river valley or a wet (ephemerality, ephemeral) Stream bed, riverbed that contains water only when heavy rain occurs. Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on the distal portion ...
Boutaga to the west of Oued El Khemis to the west. In the South, the
Chelif Chelif River () (also spelled Chéliff, or Sheliff) is a river in Algeria, the longest in the country. It rises in the Saharan Atlas near the city of Aflou, flows through the Tell Atlas and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of the city ...
delimits and waters it. Some
ruins Ruins () are the remains of a civilization's architecture. The term refers to formerly intact structures that have fallen into a state of partial or total disrepair over time due to a variety of factors, such as lack of maintenance, deliberate ...
called Kherba are also in the commune.


History


Antiquity

In
Antiquity Antiquity or Antiquities may refer to: Historical objects or periods Artifacts *Antiquities, objects or artifacts surviving from ancient cultures Eras Any period before the European Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries) but still within the histo ...
it was occupied by the
Mazices The Mazices were Berbers of North Africa who appear in classical and late antique Greek and Latin sources. Many variants of the name are known: Maxyes in Herodotus; Mazyes in Hecataeus; Mazaces; Mazikes; Mazazaces; etc. They are all derived from ...
tribes of the region Which played a part in the constitution of the pre-Roman Berber kingdoms. The Romans colonized it from the first century AD. and Numerous ruins litter the area. The most important
Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...
ruin is that of the fort 'Gargra' one and a half kilometers east of the city. Its Roman toponym is unknown. By mistake it was improperly attributed to that of 'Tigava' and 'Tiganda' which are two twin sites to the right and left of the cheliff, west of the present town of Attafs. In
Late Antiquity Late antiquity marks the period that comes after the end of classical antiquity and stretches into the onset of the Early Middle Ages. Late antiquity as a period was popularized by Peter Brown (historian), Peter Brown in 1971, and this periodiza ...
it was a fervent center of
Christendom The terms Christendom or Christian world commonly refer to the global Christian community, Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.SeMerriam-Webster.com : dictionary, "Christen ...
according to a
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
inscription dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul and which can be consulted at the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.


Middle Ages

During their progression in North Africa between 429 and 439, the Vandals sack the
Roman town Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...
. The Arabs established the settlement of
Miliana Miliana (in Berber: ⵎⵉⵍⵉⴰⵏⴰ, in Darija: مليانة) is an Algerian commune in the Aïn Defla province, serving as the capital of Miliana district approximately southwest of the Algerian capital, Algiers.r/sup>, which covers its ...
, El Khadra ( Ain-Defla), Souk -Brahim (
El Attaf El Attaf is a town in northern Algeria, located in the wilaya (province) of Aïn Defla Aïn Defla (, lit. '' oleander spring'') is the capital city of Aïn Defla Province, Algeria. It is also a commune. History In Roman times the city was cal ...
). The 16th century, saw the arrival of Sidi Ahmed Ben Youssef and the Maraboutic family of the Nedjadjras ( Sidi Moussa Ben Nedjar) who settled in the mountains to the north El-Amra. It was then part of the domain of the Braz confederation, a hybrid of
Arab-Berber Maghrebis or Maghrebians () are the inhabitants of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is a modern Arabic term meaning "Westerners", denoting their location in the western part of the Arab world. Maghrebis are predominantly of Arab and Berber ...
tribes. The main tribes of this region are Beni Boukni, Beni Mhoussen Beni Sliman, Harrar of Cheliff,
Beni Ghomrian Beni may also refer to: Characters *Beni Gabor, a character in the 1999 film ''The Mummy'' *Benimaru Nikaido, fan nickname of a character in ''The King of Fighters'' People Given name *Beni (Australian musician), Australian musician and dis ...
, Braz Kbailes, Ouled Ali, Beni Nasseur and even the L arbaa and Beni Frah far to the
north North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...
. The Ouled Ben Abdeslam and the Touamas ( Ouled Toumi) whom the Turks had consecrated, disputed supremacy over these tribes.


Modern era

The French, entered the region in 1842. In 1866 El Amra was touched by the execution of the Senatus-consulte. In 1867, it was transformed into a
colony A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule, which rules the territory and its indigenous peoples separated from the foreign rulers, the colonizer, and their ''metropole'' (or "mother country"). This separated rule was often orga ...
by the allocation of more than 400 hectares to the
Société Générale Algérienne Groupe Lactalis S.A. (doing business as Lactalis) is a French multinational dairy products corporation, owned by the Besnier family and based in Laval, Mayenne, France. The company's former name was Besnier S.A. Lactalis is the largest dairy pr ...
, a colonial agricultural enterprise. In 1881, the European center of Kherba. Was created and populated by the first French settlers. In 1886, the metal bridge over the Wadi Cheliff was built. It still exists today (2017), although disused. In 1887, the station of Kherba Railway is open to exploitation. On 1 January 1890, the center of Kherba, a mixed commune of Braz, was erected as a full-function commune. Text of the decree published at the Mobacher of 10 July 1889):
June 26, 1889. Decree establishing the full-function commune of Kherba (district of Algiers, district of Miliana). "Art. The European population center of Kherba, the fractions of Drabla and Rahalla (Boukni douar), Megharsa and El-Harrar (douar of Et-Marrar), as well as the plots and fraction of Ahel -Guebli (Beni-Sliman tribe), TC, Beni-Naceur fraction, and Ouled-Ali fraction (El-Aneb tribe) and T. parcel, Beni-Kabane fraction (Ghomerian douar), Will be distracted from January 1, 1890, of the mixed municipality of Braz (civil territory of Algiers), to form in the district of Miliana (department of Algiers), a municipality of full independent exercise, Place shall be fixed at Kherba and shall bear its name. "
Kherba, is touched, like the whole Chelif plain, by the famine of 1893. On November 7, 1934, Kherba was hit by the Carnot (
El Abadia El Abadia is a town in northern Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria ...
) earthquake, which caused considerable damage without causing human casualties, unlike the typhus epidemic of 1942. After
Algerian independence An independence referendum was held in French Algeria on 1 July 1962. It followed French approval of the Évian Accords in an April referendum. Voters were asked whether Algeria should become an independent state, co-operating with France; 99.7 ...
in 1963, during the territorial reorganization of the communes, Kherba, part of the department of
Orléansville Chlef () is the capital of Chlef Province, Algeria. Located in the north of Algeria, west of the capital, Algiers, it was founded in 1843, as Orléansville, on the ruins of Roman ''Castellum Tingitanum''. In 1962, it was renamed al-Asnam, but aft ...
and the borough of Duperré, is attached to Mekhatria (Teghaniout fraction not included). On the occasion of the inauguration of the Agricultural Socialist Village (VSA), or more commonly El Qaria, Kherba officially changed its name to become El-Amra by deliberation of the Communal People's Assembly on 23 July 1975. In 1984, during the new territorial reorganization of the communes, Aïn Defla became wilaya. El Amra is one of them, but loses Mekhatria, which becomes a municipality.Lois et ordonnaces
(in French) Retrieved 18 March 2022


Mayors

The first mayor was Jean Bourgoin. Then came Abel Béné, Henri Vagnon, Jean Bourgoin in 1898, François Charpillet, 1901-1906-1910, Eugène Chaillet, Albert Vignon, André Eugène, Louis Vagnon 1921, Of Couderc in 1922, Louis Vagnon, of Eugène Bès, and Marcel Canillac at independence


Economy

The municipality of El Amra is primarily agricultural. It is characterized by its wide fields of diverse crops such as
potato The potato () is a starchy tuberous vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are underground stem tubers of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'', a perennial in the nightshade famil ...
(the main crop),
pepper Pepper(s) may refer to: Food and spice * Piperaceae or the pepper family, a large family of flowering plants ** Black pepper ** Long pepper ** Kampot pepper * ''Capsicum'' or pepper, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanacea ...
, and
onion An onion (''Allium cepa'' , from Latin ), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus '' Allium''. The shallot is a botanical variety of the onion which was classifie ...
.


References

{{Aïn Defla Province Communes of Aïn Defla Province Aïn Defla Province