Edward Conze, born Eberhard Julius Dietrich Conze (1904–1979), was a scholar of

Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...

and

Buddhism Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

, known primarily for his commentaries and translations of the

Prajñāpāramitā A Tibetan painting with a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra at the center of the mandala Prajñāpāramitā means "the Perfection of Wisdom" or "Transcendental Knowledge" in Mahāyāna. Prajñāpāramitā refers to a perfected way of seeing the natu ...

literature.

Biography

Conze's parents, Dr. Ernst Conze (1872–1935) and Adele Louise Charlotte Köttgen (1882–1962), both came from families involved in the textile industry in the region of Langenberg, Germany. Ernst had a doctorate in Law and served in the Foreign Office and later as a judge. Conze was born in London while his father was Vice ConsulHumphreys 1980, p. 147 and thus entitled to British citizenship. Conze studied in Tübingen, Heidelberg, Kiel, Cologne and Hamburg. In 1928 he published his dissertation, ''Der Begriff der Metaphysik bei Franciscus Suarez'', and was awarded a doctorate in philosophy from Cologne University. He did post-graduate work at several German universities and in 1932 he published ''Der Satz vom Widerspruch'' (''The Principle of Contradiction'') which he considered his master work. Because it was a Marxist work on the theory of

dialectical materialism Dialectical materialism is a materialist theory based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that has found widespread applications in a variety of philosophical disciplines ranging from philosophy of history to philosophy of scien ...

it attracted hostile attention from the

Nazis Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...

and most copies were publicly burnt in a campaign conducted by the German Student Union in May 1933. In the early 1930s Conze associated with and helped to organize activities for the

Communist Party of Germany The Communist Party of Germany (, ; KPD ) was a major Far-left politics, far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, German resistance to Nazism, underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and minor party ...

. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, he fled to Britain.Jackson 1981, pp. 103-104 In England, Conze taught German, philosophy, and psychology at evening classes, and later lectured on Buddhism and Prajñāpāramitā at various universities. He continued as a socialist political activist, writing several pamphlets. He co-authored two books with Ellen Wilkinson, an ex-communist MP: ''Why Fascism'' (1934) and ''Why War?: a handbook for those who will take part in the Second World War'' (1935). In 1936, the National Council of Labour Colleges published in hard cover his ''An Introduction to Dialectical Materialism;'' during the war it was republished in soft cover (59pp) for one shilling and sixpence. He worked with Cedar and

Eden Paul Maurice Eden Paul (27 September 1865, in Sturminster Marshall – 1 December 1944) was a British socialist activist, physician, writer and translator.'Paul, Maurice Eden' in ''Who Was Who'' Early life Paul was the younger son of the publisher ...

on the revised ninth edition of the book ''An Outline of Psychology'', published by the National Council of Labour Colleges in 1938. During this period he made the acquaintance of

Har Dayal Lala Rudra Dayal Mathur ( Punjabi: ਲਾਲਾ ਹਰਦਿਆਲ; 14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939) was an Indian nationalist revolutionary and freedom fighter. He was a polymath who turned down a career in the Indian Civil Service. His si ...

, whose book ''The Bodhisattva Doctrines in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature'' stimulated his interest in Buddhism. Har Dayal had also been politically active in the

Industrial Workers of the World The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members are nicknamed "Wobblies", is an international labor union founded in Chicago, United States in 1905. The nickname's origin is uncertain. Its ideology combines general unionism with indu ...

and studying

. Conze abandoned political activism in 1939. A midlife crisis in 1937 saw him adopt Buddhism as his religion, having previously been influenced by

Theosophy Theosophy is a religious movement established in the United States in the late 19th century. Founded primarily by the Russian Helena Blavatsky and based largely on her writings, it draws heavily from both older European philosophies such as Neop ...

and

astrology Astrology is a range of Divination, divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions ...

. He spent a brief period in the New Forest pursuing meditation and an ascetic lifestyle (during which he developed scurvy). At the end of this period he moved to Oxford where he began to work on Sanskrit texts from the Prajñāpāramitā tradition. He continued to work on these texts for the rest of his life. Conze was married twice: to Dorothea Finkelstein and to Muriel Green. He had one daughter with Dorothea. In 1979 Conze self-published two volumes of memoirs entitled ''Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic''. Conze produced a third volume which contained material considered to be too inflammatory or libelous to publish while the subjects were alive. No copy of the third volume is known to exist. The ''Memoirs'' are the principal sources for Conze's biography and reveal much about his personal life and attitudes.

Scholarship

Conze was educated in several German Universities and showed a propensity for languages. He claimed that by twenty-four, he knew fourteen languages. Conze's first major published work was on the theory of

. This continues to receive attention, with his book ''The Principle of Contradiction'' being translated by Holger Heine in 2016. Following a mid-life crisis Conze turned to Buddhism and was particularly influenced by D. T. Suzuki. He made his name for his editions and translations of Sanskrit texts of the Buddhist Prajñāpāramitā literature. He published translations of all the principal texts of the genre, including the Aṣṭasāhasrikā (8000 Line), Ratnaguṇasamcayagāthā, Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā (25,000 Line), Vajracchedikā, and Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya. All of these show the explicit influence of Suzuki's Theosophy infused Zen Buddhism.Attwood 2020, pp. 22–51 However, the only permanent academic post he was offered had to be turned down because US immigration officials declined him a work permit on the basis of his past as a Communist. A glance at a complete bibliography of Conze's oeuvre confirms that he was a man of industry and focus. His contribution to the field of Buddhist Studies, particularly of the Prajñāpāramitā literature, has had a major influence on subsequent generations.

Legacy

Edward Conze was and continues to be a polarizing figure. As the Indologist Gerald James Larson said in his review of ''The Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic'', "He was denied a permanent academic position throughout his life, even though his scholarly competence and productivity easily matched and frequently surpassed most of his contemporaries. ..He treasured the Buddhist notions of '' anātman'', the practice of quiet meditation and the perfection of wisdom, yet he was continually embroiled in personal squabbles in which he was capable of behaviour that was anything but selfless, reflective or wise. He valued authentic learning, serious scholarship and the exchange of ideas, yet he could sit for hours casting horoscopes, reading palms and expostulating with the ancient mysteries." In his essay ''Great Buddhists of the Twentieth Century'' (Windhorse Publications: 1996), British writer and teacher of Buddhism, and personal friend of Conze's, Sangharakshita writes that "Dr. Conze was a complex figure, and it is not easy to assess his overall significance.... He was a self-confessed élitist, which is usually something people are ashamed of nowadays, but he wasn't ashamed of it at all.... Nor did he approve of either democracy or feminism, which makes him a veritable ogre of 'political incorrectness'." Nevertheless, Sangharakshita summarizes Conze's legacy as a scholar of Buddhism as follows: Ji Yun, Librarian of the Buddhist College of Singapore, describes Conze's legacy as follows: However, while religieux continue to idolize Conze, his work has attracted much criticism from within academia. Greg Schopen wrote: "Conze's notes to his edition reproduce all the errors in Chakravarti's edition, and there are a number of cases in which Conze's notations in regard to the Gilgit text are wrong or misleading." Jonathan Silk has described his edition of the Heart Sutra as "chaotic". His

Heart Sutra The ''Heart Sūtra'', ) is a popular sutra in Mahayana, Mahāyāna Buddhism. In Sanskrit, the title ' translates as "The Heart of the Prajnaparamita, Perfection of Wisdom". The Sutra famously states, "Form is emptiness (''śūnyatā''), em ...

edition was subsequently shown to contain a number of mistakes. Conze's translation of the ''Large Prajñāpāramitā Sutra'' was met with mixed reviews, though as Schopen concluded in his review, "there is both much to be criticized and much to be praised" and that "a review of this kind tends to settle rather heavily on the former." In his now infamous article, ''Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists'', Paul Griffiths singled out Conze's ''Large Sutra'' translation, to illustrate what he meant by "Buddhist Hybrid English", saying, "Dr. Conze's translation bears only the most tenuous relationship to the English language in terms of syntax, and is full of unexplained technical terminology" (1981). However, Griffith is also making a broader point: "I chose this example not because Dr. Conze's translations are worse than anyone else's; in fact they are better than most. Rather, it illustrates with a concrete example the kind of gibberish that is all too often produced by the Buddhological community in the sacred name of translation" (1981: 30). Griffith's entertaining article is, however, largely rhetorical. After conceding that Conze understands these texts "better than anyone," he then faults Conze for his decision to translate them in the first place rather than telling us what they say; though this was a task which Conze continued to perform alongside his tireless translation activities, as his many books and articles clearly attest. Moreover, pioneer translators of Buddhist texts historically have often been said to produce "translationese" or what has been called "Buddhist Hybrid Sinitic" or "Buddhist Hybrid Chinese" in their quest to produce reliable translations that remain true to their source language. Contemporaries such as Jan Willem de Jong and Edward Bastian, lauded Conze's scholarly abilities. De Jong emphasized Conze's work as translator of the Prajñāpāramitā as his most enduring legacy, while the influential British religious studies scholar Trevor Ling called Conze's "lucid exposition of Buddhist ideas...unrivalled." Even Alex Wayman, Conze's sometimes sparring partner, expressed his appreciation both for Conze's translations and his essays elucidating the Mahayana, and especially the relationship between Madhyamika and Prajñāpāramitā thought. Lewis Lancaster, one of Conze's earliest American students who studied with him at the University of Wisconsin in 1963, along with Luis Gómez, who met Conze when they were both teaching at the University of Washington in 1967, edited Conze's ''Festschrift'',
Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze
'. In reflections on a life in Buddhist Studies, retiring professor Charles Prebish said "Edward Conze, Leon Hurvitz, Alex Wayman, and a few others, were amongst the meanest individuals in academe ic While they were utterly brilliant scholars, they seemed to take real delight in humiliating students rather than encouraging them." Detractors insist that due to his idiosyncratic interpretation and overall poor scholarship, far from invigorating the field of ''prajñāpāramitā'' studies, only a handful of scholars now work on this literature and much of their output is published exclusively in Japanese. And yet, those scholars working on the Prajñāpāramitā literature in the decades following Conze's death continue to cite him admiringly. While not hesitating to correct his work in light of further research,

Jan Nattier Jan Nattier is an American scholar of Mahāyana Buddhism. Early life and education She earned her PhD in Inner Asian and Altaic Studies from Harvard University (1988), and subsequently taught at the University of Hawaii (1988-1990), Stanford Unive ...

refers to him as "the great pioneer of Prajñāpāramitā studies whose work has contributed so much to the understanding of this literature in the West." In his translation of the ''Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'', Paul Harrison, said the "previous translations ..by Max Müller, Conze and Schopen have been of great assistance in producing this one, and I happily acknowledge my debt to them," while attempting to correct their "occasional errors of interpretation" and improve upon their "unnatural style." Conze's work is extensively cited in the ''Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' article on "Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras" as indispensable for the study of this genre. The author, Stefano Zacchetti, while by no means uncritical, states that "Conze's work represents a considerable achievement and provides a convenient introduction to this immense literature."

Selected bibliography

For a complete bibliography of Conze's works see the website, Conze Memorial: http://conze.elbrecht.com/ or now too: http://conze.eu/ * 1932. ''Der Satz vom Widerspruch''. Hamburg, 1932. * 1951. ''Buddhism: Its Essence and Development''. * 1956. ''Buddhist meditation''. London: Ethical & Religious Classics of East & West. * 1958. ''Buddhist Wisdom Books: The Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra''. George Allen & Unwin. Second edition 1976. * 1959. ''Buddhist Scriptures''. Haremondsworth: Penguin Classics. * 1960. ''The Prajñāpāramitā Literature''. Mouton. Second Edition: ibliographica Philogica Buddhica Series Maior IThe Reiyukai Library: 1978 * 1967. ''Materials for a Dictionary of the Prajñāpāramitā Literature''. Tokyo, Suzuki Research Foundation. * 1973. ''The Large Sutra of Perfect Wisdom''. University of California Press. * 1973. ''The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines and its Verse Summary.'' San Francisco: City Lights, 2006. * 1973. ''Perfect Wisdom: The Short Prajñāpāramitā Texts.'' Buddhist Publishing Group. * 1975. ''Further Buddhist Studies: Selected Essays''. Oxford, Bruno Cassirer

Notes

References

* Attwood, J. (2020). "Edward Conze: A Call to Reassess the Man and his Contribution to Prajñāpāramitā Studies." JOCBS 19: 22–51. * Bastian, Edward (1979
Edward Conze (Obituary)
JIABS 2/2 * Conze, Edward (1979). ''Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic''. Parts I and II. Privately Published. * de Jong, J.W. (1980)
Edward Conze 1904–1979
Indo-Iranian Journal 22 (2), 143-146. * Heine, Holger (2016). 'Aristotle, Marx, Buddha: Edward Conze's Critique of the Principle of Contradiction', in Conze, Edward, ''The Principle of Contradiction''. Lexington Books, pp. xiii–lxiii. First published in German as ''Der Satz vom Widerspruch''. Hamburg, 1932 * Houston, G.W. (1980)
Review: The Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic by Edward Conze
The Tibet Journal, 5 (1/2), 91-93. * Humphreys, Christmas (1980)
Edward Conze, 1904-1979
The Eastern Buddhist (new series), 13 (2), 147-148. * Jackson, Roger R. (1981)
Review: The Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic, Parts I and II (Edward Conze)
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4 (2), 102-105 * Larson, James Gerald (1981) Review Article 'The Cobra's Shining Scales,' Religion (1981) 11, 75-82 * ''Langenberger Kulturlexikon: Immaterielles Kulturerbe der UNESCO.'' http://www.unter-der-muren.de/kulturlexikon.pdf * Nattier, Jan (2003). ''A Few Good Men''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press * Sangharakshita (1996)
Great Buddhists of the Twentieth Century
, Windhorse Publications * Yun, Ji . 纪赟 —《心经》疑伪问题再研究, ''Fuyan Buddhist Studies'' no. 7 (2012): 115-182. Trans. Chin Shih-Foong
Is the ''Heart Sūtra'' an Apocryphal Text? – A Re-examination
''Singapore Journal of Buddhist Studies'' (2017), 4: 9-113. * Zaccheti, Stefano (2020). "Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras", in: Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online, Editor-in-Chief: Consulting Editors: Jonathan A. Silk, Oskar von Hinüber, Vincent Eltschinger. Consulted online on 26 August 2021 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_0017> * Zsebenyi, Eric M. (2004)
"The Perfection of Wisdom: Iconoclast, astrologist, communist sympathizer, and devoted practitioner, Edward Conze translated Buddhism for the West
''Tricycle The Buddhist Review'', Fall 2004. {{DEFAULTSORT:Conze, Edward 1904 births 1979 deaths English Buddhists 20th-century Buddhists Converts to Buddhism English Indologists Buddhist translators Sanskrit–English translators British scholars of Buddhism 20th-century British translators