Education in South Carolina covers the history and current status of education at all levels, public and private, and related policies.

History

Early education in South Carolina was centered in the home, reflecting the English roots of colonial society. Literacy was low. Wealthy families typically hired tutors or sent their sons to private schools in Charleston. Education for crafts was provided through apprenticeships. Professional physicians and lawyers were trained through working as assistants in the offices of established practitioners. Seminaries were set up for ministers, such as the 1826 Baptist school Furman Academy and Theological Institution (now Furman University). Numerous military academies provided a high-school level education, with The Citadel in Columbia offering a college degree. In the colonial era the missionary society of the Church of England sponsored schools attached to their local parishes. They also taught slaves and established the Charleston Negro School in 1742. Education for freedmen: In 1861–1865 As federal troops occupied the state slavery was abolished and the US Army agency the

Freedmen's Bureau The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was a U.S. government agency of early post American Civil War Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (i.e., former enslaved people) in the ...

set up programs to educate the freed slaves. Teachers were recruited by Northern philanthropic and missionary societies. The two most famous schools are the Penn School on St. Helena Island and the

Avery Institute The Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture is a division of the College of Charleston library system. The center is located on the site of the former Avery Normal Institute in the Harleston village district at 125 Bull Stre ...

in Charleston. Enthusiasm among freedmen for education was high. Southern whites tolerated schools for Blacks but strongly opposed Yankee teachers. During the

Reconstruction era The Reconstruction era was a period in History of the United States, US history that followed the American Civil War (1861-65) and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the Abolitionism in the United States, abol ...

, the Freedmen's Bureau, northern philanthropic and missionary associations, and African American activists established private schools for black youth. Blacks welcomed their newly acquired freedom and citizenship as an avenue to obtain formal schooling and literacy. By 1900, literacy rates rose to 50% from an estimated 5–10% before 1865. South Carolina maintained a racially segregated elementary, secondary, and post-secondary system of education after Reconstruction. Black public schools within this system were underfunded and did not meet the needs and aspirations of African American communities. However many private schools for Blacks were funded by Northern philanthropy well into the 20th century. Support came from the

American Missionary Association The American Missionary Association (AMA) was a Protestant-based abolitionist group founded on in Albany, New York. The main purpose of the organization was abolition of slavery, education of African Americans, promotion of racial equality, and ...

; the

Peabody Education Fund The Peabody Education Fund was established by George Peabody in 1867, after the American Civil War, for the purpose of promoting "intellectual, moral, and industrial education in the most destitute portion of the Southern States." The main purpos ...

; the Jeanes Fund (also known as the Negro Rural School Fund); the

Slater Fund The John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen was a financial endowment established in 1882 by John Fox Slater for education of African Americans in the Southern United States. It ceased independent operation in 1937, by which time it had d ...

; the

Rosenwald Fund The Rosenwald Fund (also known as the Rosenwald Foundation, the Julius Rosenwald Fund, and the Julius Rosenwald Foundation) was established in 1917 by Julius Rosenwald and his family for "the well-being of mankind." Rosenwald became part-owner of ...

; the

Southern Education Foundation The Southern Education Foundation (SEF) is a not-for-profit foundation created in 1937 from four different funds — the Peabody Education Fund, the John F. Slater Fund, the Negro Rural School Fund, and the Virginia Randolph Fund. Their main ...

; and the

General Education Board The General Education Board was a private organization which was used primarily to support higher education and medical schools in the United States, and to help rural white and black schools in the South, as well as modernize farming practices in ...

, which was massively by the Rockefeller family. The

University of South Carolina The University of South Carolina (USC, SC, or Carolina) is a Public university, public research university in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College, It is the flagship of the University of South Car ...

, founded in 1801 as South Carolina College flourished before the Civil War. It closed during the war and slowly overcame postwar struggles. It was rechartered in 1906 as a university and transformed into a comprehensive institution in the 20th century. In the early decades of the 20th century, South Carolina made strides toward becoming a comprehensive university. In 1917 it became the first state-supported college or university in South Carolina to earn regional accreditation. The Great Depression temporarily stalled progress, but the World War II brought U.S. Navy training programs to campus. Enrollment more than doubled in the post-1945 era as male veterans took advantage of the G.I. Bill. Until the late 19th century there were almost no public schools and education was left to families. Nonetheless, while historically the state’s support of schooling has been hesitant, sporadic, and limited, the last two decades of the twentieth century witnessed growing attention to schools. By the end of the twentieth century, reform of South Carolina public schools had entered the forefront of political debate.

Primary and secondary schools

As of 2010, South Carolina is one of three states that have not agreed to use competitive international

math Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...

and

language Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed language, signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing syste ...

standards Standard may refer to: Symbols * Colours, standards and guidons, kinds of military signs * Standard (emblem), a type of a large symbol or emblem used for identification Norms, conventions or requirements * Standard (metrology), an object t ...

. In 2014, the

South Carolina Supreme Court The Supreme Court of South Carolina is the highest court in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The court is composed of a chief justice and four associate justices.

ruled the state had failed to provide a "minimally adequate" education to children in all parts of the state as required by the state's constitution. South Carolina has 1,144 K–12 schools in 85 school districts with an enrollment of 712,244 as of fall 2009. As of the 2008–2009 school year, South Carolina spent $9,450 per student which places it 31st in the country for per student spending. In 2015, the national average SAT score was 1490 and the South Carolina average was 1442, 48 points lower than the national average. South Carolina is the only state which owns and operates a statewide school bus system. As of December 2016, the state maintains a 5,582-bus fleet with the average vehicle in service being fifteen years old (the national average is six) having logged 236,000 miles. Half of the state's school buses are more than 15 years old and some are reportedly up to 30 years old. In 2017 in the budget proposal, Superintendent of Education Molly Spearman requested the state lease to purchase 1,000 buses to replace the most decrepit vehicles. An additional 175 buses could be purchased immediately through the State Treasurer's master lease program. On January 5, 2017, the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on De ...

awarded South Carolina more than $1.1 million to replace 57 school buses with new cleaner models through its

Diesel Emissions Reduction Act The Diesel Emissions Reduction ActPub.L. 111-364, or DERA (as it will be referred to for the remainder of this article), is a part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005Pub.L. 109-58. The law appropriated funds to federal and state loan programs to eith ...

program.

Institutions of higher education

South Carolina has diverse institutions from large state-funded research universities to small colleges that cultivate a liberal arts, religious or military tradition. * The

College of Charleston The College of Charleston (CofC or Charleston) is a public university in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1770 and chartered in 1785, it is the oldest university in South Carolina, the 13th-oldest institution of higher lea ...

, founded in 1770 and chartered in 1785, is the oldest institution of higher learning in South Carolina, the 13th oldest in the United States, and the first

municipal college A municipal college is a city-supported institution of higher learning. The oldest municipal college in the United States is the College of Charleston located in historic Charleston, South Carolina. The College of Charleston is also the thirtee ...

in the country. The college is in company with the

Colonial Colleges The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education founded in the Thirteen Colonies, predating the United States. As the only American universities old enough to have alumni that participated in the American Revolution and the Foundi ...

as one of the original and foundational institutions of higher education in the United States. Its founders include three signers of the

United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in the original printing, is the founding document of the United States. On July 4, 1776, it was adopted unanimously by the Second Continen ...

and three signers of the

United States Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the Supremacy Clause, supreme law of the United States, United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, on March 4, 1789. Originally includi ...

. The college's historic campus, listed on the

U.S. Department of the Interior The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources. It also administers programs relating t ...

National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...

, forms an integral part of Charleston's colonial-era urban center. The Graduate School of the College of Charleston offers a number of degree programs and coordinates support for its nationally recognized faculty research efforts. * The

, in Columbia, is a

flagship A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of navy, naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically ...

public In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociology, sociological concept of the ''Öf ...

, co-educational,

research university A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of Knowledge production modes, knowledge production", along with "intergenerational ...

with seven satellite campuses. It was founded in 1801 as

South Carolina College The University of South Carolina (USC, SC, or Carolina) is a public research university in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College, It is the flagship of the University of South Carolina System and th ...

, and its original campus, The Horseshoe, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The university's main campus covers over in the urban core less than one city block from the

South Carolina State House The South Carolina State House is the building housing the government of the U.S. state of South Carolina, which includes the South Carolina General Assembly and the offices of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina. Located in ...

. The University of South Carolina has around 35,000 students on the Columbia campus. Furman-Belltower2

Furman University Furman University is a private university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1826 and named after Baptist pastor Richard Furman, the Liberal arts college, liberal arts university is the oldest private institution of higher l ...

is a private, coeducational, non-sectarian, liberal arts university in Greenville. Founded in 1826, Furman enrolls approximately 2,900 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. Furman is the largest private institution in South Carolina. The university is primarily focused on undergraduate education (only two departments, education and chemistry, offer graduate degrees). *

Erskine College Erskine College is a private Christian college in Due West, South Carolina, United States. It is an undergraduate liberal arts college and a graduate theological seminary. The college was founded in 1839 by the Associate Reformed Presbyteri ...

is a private, coeducational liberal arts college in

Due West, South Carolina Due West is a town in Abbeville County, South Carolina. The population was 1,247 at the 2010 census. It is home to Erskine College, Erskine Theological Seminary and Dixie High School. History Some say the name is a mispronunciation of "DeWi ...

. The college was founded in 1839 and is affiliated with the

Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARPC) is a theologically conservative denomination in North America. The ARPC was formed by the merger of the Associate Presbytery ( seceder) with the Reformed Presbytery (covenanter) in 1782. It is one ...

, which maintains a theological seminary on the campus. *

The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina The Citadel Military College of South Carolina (simply known as The Citadel) is a public senior military college in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. Established in 1842, it is the third oldest of the six senior military colleges ...

is a state-supported, comprehensive college in Charleston. Founded in 1842, it is best known for its undergraduate Corps of Cadets military program for men and women, which combines academics, physical challenges and military discipline. In addition to the cadet program, the Citadel Graduate College offers evening certificate, undergraduate and graduate programs to civilians. The Citadel has 2,200 undergraduate cadets in its residential military program and 1,200 civilian students in the evening programs. *

Wofford College Wofford College is a private liberal arts college in Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1854, it is one of the few four-year institutions in the southeastern United States founded before the American Civil War that still ope ...

is a small liberal arts college in

Spartanburg Spartanburg is a city in and the county seat of Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States. The city had a population of 38,732 as of the 2020 census, making it the 11th-most populous city in the state. The Office of Management and Budg ...

. Wofford was founded in 1854 with a bequest of $100,000 from the Rev. Benjamin Wofford (1780–1850), a Methodist minister and Spartanburg native who sought to create a college for "literary, classical, and scientific education in my native district of Spartanburg". It is one of the few four-year institutions in the southeastern United States founded before the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...

that operates on its original campus. *

Newberry College Newberry College is a private Lutheran college in Newberry, South Carolina. As of 2023, it had 1,521 students. Academics Newberry College is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) ...

is a small liberal arts college in

Newberry Newberry is a surname, a variant of Newbury. Notable people with the surname include: * Booker Newberry III (1956–2023), American singer and keyboardist * Brennan Newberry (born, 1990), American professional stock car racing driver * Brian Ne ...

. Founded in 1856, Newberry is a co-educational, private liberal-arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) on a historic 90-acre (36 ha) campus in Newberry, South Carolina. It has roughly 1,110 students and a 14:1 student-teacher ratio. According to U.S. News & World Report's America's Best Colleges, Newberry College ranks among the nation's top colleges in the southern region. *

Claflin University Claflin University is a private historically black university in Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1869 after the American Civil War by northern missionaries for the education of freedmen and their children, it offers bachelo ...

, founded in 1869 by the

, is the oldest

historically black college Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of serving African Americans. Most are in the Southern U ...

in the state. After the Democratic-dominated legislature closed the university in 1877, before passing a law to restrict admission to whites, it designated Claflin as the only state college for blacks. *

Lander University Lander University is a public university A public university, state university, or public college is a university or college that is State ownership, owned by the state or receives significant funding from a government. Whether a national u ...

is a public liberal arts university in

Greenwood Green wood is unseasoned wood. Greenwood or Green wood may also refer to: People * Greenwood (surname) Settlements Australia * Greenwood, Queensland, a locality in the Toowoomba Region * Greenwood, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth ...

. Lander was founded in 1872 as Willamston Female College. The school moved to Greenwood in 1904 and was renamed Lander College in honor of its founder, Samuel Lander. In 1973 Lander became part of the state's higher education system and is now a co-educational institution. The university is focused on undergraduate education and enrolls approximately 3,000 undergraduates. *

Presbyterian College Presbyterian College (PC) is a private liberal arts college in Clinton, South Carolina, United States. It was founded in 1880 and is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA). History Presbyterian College was founded in 1880 by Willia ...

(PC) is a private liberal arts college founded in 1880 in Clinton. Presbyterian College enrolls around 1000 undergraduate students and around 200 graduate students in its pharmacy school. In 2007, ''Washington Monthly'' ranked PC as the No.1 Liberal Arts College in the nation. *

Winthrop University Winthrop University is a public university in Rock Hill, South Carolina. It was founded in 1886 by David Bancroft Johnson, who served as the superintendent of Columbia, South Carolina schools. He received a grant from Robert Charles Winthrop, a ...

, founded in 1886 as an all-female teaching school in Rock Hill, became a co-ed institution in 1974. It is now a public university with an enrollment of just over 6,100 students. It is one of the fastest growing universities in the state, with several new academic and recreational buildings being added to the main campus in the past five years, as well as several more planned for the near future. The Richard W. Riley College of Education is still the school's most well-known area of study. *

Clemson University Clemson University () is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university near Clemson, South Carolina, United States. - The blue-shaded pattern denotes university property. This shows Clemson University is ''out ...

, founded in 1889, is a public, coeducational,

land-grant A land grant is a gift of real estate—land or its use privileges—made by a government or other authority as an incentive, means of enabling works, or as a reward for services to an individual, especially in return for military service. Grants ...

research university in Clemson. It has more than 19,000 undergraduate students and 5,200 graduate students from all 50 states and from more than 70 countries. Clemson is also the home to the

South Carolina Botanical Garden The South Carolina Botanical Garden (295 acres) is located in Pickens County, South Carolina on the campus of Clemson University, adjacent to the City of Clemson. - The blue-shaded pattern denotes university property. This shows Clemson Universi ...

. *

North Greenville University North Greenville University is a Private university, private Southern Baptist Convention, Baptist college in Tigerville, South Carolina. It is Higher education accreditation in the United States, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges ...

, founded in 1891, is a comprehensive university in Tigerville. It is affiliated with South Carolina Baptist Convention and the Southern Baptist Convention, and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. It has an enrollment of around 2,500 undergraduates. *

South Carolina State University South Carolina State University (SCSU or SC State) is a public, historically black, land-grant university in Orangeburg, South Carolina. It is the only public, historically black land-grant research university in South Carolina, is a member o ...

, founded in 1896, is a

historically black university Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of serving African Americans. Most are in the Southern U ...

in Orangeburg. SCSU has an enrollment of nearly 5,000, and offers undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate degrees. SCSU boasts the only Doctor of Education program in the state. * Anderson University, founded in 1911, is a selective comprehensive university that offers bachelor's and master's degrees. It enrolls about 2,900 students. *

Webster University Webster University is a private university with its main campus in Webster Groves, Missouri, United States. It has multiple branch locations across the United States and countries across Europe, Asia, and Africa. The university has an alumni net ...

, founded in 1915 in St. Louis, Missouri, with five extended campuses in South Carolina, offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. *

Bob Jones University Bob Jones University (BJU) is a private university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. It is known for its Conservatism in the United States, conservative and Evangelicalism in the United States, evangelical cultural and religious posit ...

, founded in 1927, is a private, non-denominational and conservative Christian liberal arts university with a 2019 total enrollment of 3,000. BJU offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and 70 graduate programs. *

Coastal Carolina University Coastal Carolina University (CCU or Coastal) is a public university in Conway, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1954 as Coastal Carolina Junior College, and later joining the University of South Carolina System as USC Coastal Carolina, ...

, founded in 1954, became an independent state-supported liberal arts university in 1993. The university enrolls approximately 10,500 students on its 307-acre (1.24 km²) campus in Conway, part of the Myrtle Beach metropolitan area. Baccalaureate programs are offered in 51 major fields of study, along with graduate programs in education, business administration (MBA), and coastal marine and wetland studies. *

Charleston Southern University Charleston Southern University (CSU) is a private university in North Charleston, South Carolina, United States. It is affiliated with the South Carolina Baptist Convention (Southern Baptist Convention). History Charleston Southern Universit ...

, founded in 1969, is a liberal arts university, and is affiliated with the South Carolina Baptist Convention. Charleston Southern (CSU) is on 300 acres, formerly the site of a rice and indigo plantation, in the City of North Charleston one of South Carolina's largest accredited, independent universities, enrolling approximately 3,400 students. *

Francis Marion University Francis Marion University is a public university near Florence, South Carolina. It is named in honor of American Revolutionary War Brigadier General Francis Marion. History The university dates back to 1957, when the University of South Caroli ...

, formerly Francis Marion College, is a state-supported liberal arts university near

Florence Florence ( ; ) is the capital city of the Italy, Italian region of Tuscany. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 362,353 inhabitants, and 989,460 in Metropolitan City of Florence, its metropolitan province as of 2025. Florence ...

, South Carolina. It was founded in 1970 and achieved university status in 1992.

Universities and colleges ranked by endowment, 2010

Notes

* Bartels, Virginia B. ed. ''The History of South Carolina Schools'' (2004
online
* Card, David, and Alan B. Krueger. "School resources and student outcomes: An overview of the literature and new evidence from North and South Carolina." ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 10.4 (1996): 31-50
online
* Dunbar, Nancy Mayer. " Public secondary education in Columbia, South Carolina, 1895–1950" (PhD Dissertation, U of South Carolina; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1986. 8704622). * Easterby, J. H. "The South Carolina Education Bill of 1770." South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 48.2 (1947): 95-111
online
* Edgar, Walter. ''South Carolina: A History,'' (1998) the standard scholarly history * Edgar, Walter, ed. ''The South Carolina Encyclopedia,'' (University of South Carolina Press, 2006) , the most comprehensive scholarly guide * Knight, Edgar Wallace. ''Public education in the South'' (1922
online
* Lander Jr, Ernest McPherson. ''A history of South Carolina, 1865-1960'' (UNC Press Books, (2nd ed. 1970) pp.122-155
online
* Lesesne, Henry H. ''A history of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000'' ( U of South Carolina Press, 2001
online
* Meriwether, Colyer. ''History of Higher Education in South Carolina: With a Sketch of the Free School System. 1888'' (US Government Printing Office, 1889
online
*

Simkins, Francis Butler Francis Butler Simkins (December 14, 1897 – February 8, 1966) was a historian and president of the Southern Historical Association. He is best known for his highly praised history of the Reconstruction Era in South Carolina, that gave fair cov ...

, and Robert Hilliard Woody. ''South Carolina during Reconstruction'' (1932). * Southern Regional Education Board. ''2012 South Carolina Progress Report'' (2012
online
* Steeley, Robert Joseph. "A history of independent education in South Carolina" (PhD dissertation, U of South Carolina; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1979. 8011247). * Stevenson, Kenneth R. "School Size and Its Relationship to Student Outcomes and School Climate: A Review and Analysis of Eight South Carolina State-Wide Studies." ''National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities'' (2006)
online
* Tullos, Allen ''Habits of Industry: White Culture and the Transformation of the Carolina Piedmont'' (1989) * Walker, John, et al. eds. ''The Organization of Public Education in South Carolina'' (1992) * Wallace, David Duncan. ''South Carolina: A Short History, 1520–1948'' (1951), older scholarly history * WPA. ''South Carolina: A Guide to the Palmetto State'' (1941), famous guide to all the town and cities. with coverage of schools

Race

* Baker, R. Scott. ''Paradoxes of desegregation: African American struggles for educational equity in Charleston, South Carolina, 1926-1972'' (U of South Carolina Press, 2006)
online
* Birnie, C. W. "Education of the Negro in Charleston, South Carolina, Prior to the Civil War." ''Journal of Negro History'' 12.1 (1927): 13-21
online
* Bullock, Henry Allen. ''A History of Negro Education in the South: From 1619 to the Present'' (Harvard University Press, 1967)
online
* Carbaugh, James Christopher. "The philanthropic confluence of the General Education Board and the Jeanes, Slater, and Rosenwald Funds: African-American education in South Carolina, 1900-1930" (PhD dissertation, Clemson University, 1997; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 9833440.) * Comminey, Shawn. "The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts and Black education in South Carolina, 1702-1764." ''Journal of Negro History'' 84.4 (1999): 360-369
online
* Cunningham, Candace. " '“Hell Is Popping Here in South Carolina': Orangeburg County Black Teachers and Their Community in the Immediate Post-Brown Era." ''History of Education Quarterly 61.1'' (2021): 35-62
online
* DeCosta, Frank A. “The Education of Negroes in South Carolina.” ''Journal of Negro Education'' 16#3 (1947), pp. 405–16
online
* DeCosta, Frank A. "Negro Higher and Professional Education in South Carolina." ''Journal of Negro Education'' 17.3 (1948): 350-360
online
* Edgar, Walter, ed. ''The South Carolina Encyclopedia,'' (University of South Carolina Press, 2006) , the most comprehensive scholarly guide * Hale, Jon N. "Reconstructing the Southern landscape: The history of education and the struggle for civil rights in Charleston, South Carolina." ''History of Education Quarterly'' 56.1 (2016): 163-171. * Harlan, Louis R. ''Separate and unequal: Public school campaigns and racism in the southern seaboard states, 1901-1915'' (1958
online
pp. 170-209. * Hawkins, J. Russell. "Religion, race, and resistance: White evangelicals and the dilemma of integration in South Carolina, 1950-1975" (PhD Dissertation, Rice University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2010. 3421442). * Hine, William C. ''South Carolina State University: A Black Land-Grant College in Jim Crow America'' (U of South Carolina Press, 2018)
online
* Jackson, Luther P. "The educational efforts of the freedmen's bureau and freedmen's aid societies in South Carolina, 1862-1872." ''Journal of Negro History'' 8.1 (1923): 1-40
online
* Janak, Edward, and Peter Moran. "Unlikely Crusader: John Eldred Swearingen and African-American Education in South Carolina." ''Educational Studies'' 46.2 (2010): 224-249. * Knight, Edgar Wallace. ''The influence of Reconstruction on education in the South'' (1913) focus on North Carolina and South Carolin
online
* Lamon, Lester C. "Black Public Education in the South, 1861—1920: By Whom, For Whom and Under Whose Control?" ''Journal of Thought'' (1983): 76-90
online
* Morris, J. Brent. ''Yes, Lord, I Know the Road: A Documentary History of African Americans in South Carolina, 1526–2008'' (2017) * Rodriguez, Sophia. "‘Good, deserving immigrants’ join the Tea Party: How South Carolina policy excludes Latinx and undocumented immigrants from educational opportunity and social mobility." ''Education Policy Analysis'' Archives 26 (2018): 103-103
online
* Roth, Benjamin J. "When college is illegal: Undocumented Latino/a youth and mobilizing social support for educational attainment in South Carolina." ''Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research'' 8.4 (2017): 539-561
online
*

, and Robert Hilliard Woody. ''South Carolina during Reconstruction'' (1932). * Spady, James O'Neil. ''Education and the Racial Dynamics of Settler Colonialism in Early America: Georgia and South Carolina, ca. 1700 - ca. 1820'' (Routledge, 2020). * Sweat, Edward F. "Some Notes on the Role of Negroes in the Establishment of Public Schools in South Carolina." ''Phylon'' 22.2 (1961): 160-166
online
* Thomas, June M. ''Struggling to Learn: An Intimate History of School Desegregation in South Carolina'' (University of South Carolina Press, 2022) * Van Sickle, Meta, Olaiya Aina, and Mary Blake. "A case study of the sociopolitical dilemmas of Gullah-speaking students: Educational policies and practices." ''Language Culture and Curriculum'' 15.1 (2002): 75-88. * Wennersten, John R. "The travail of Black land-grant schools in the South, 1890-1917." ''Agricultural History'' 65.2 (1991): 54-62
online
* Williamson Joel R. '' After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861–1877'' (1965) * Zhang, Haifeng. "White flight in the context of education: Evidence from South Carolina." ''Journal of Geography'' 107.6 (2009): 236-245
online
* Zucek, Richard. ''State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina'' (U of South Carolina Press, 1996)

External links

Recent scholarly studies of minority education in South Carolina, 1967 to 2023
{{South Carolina History of South Carolina History of the Southern United States African-American history in the Southern United States History of education in the United States

History

Primary and secondary schools

Institutions of higher education

Universities and colleges ranked by endowment, 2010

See also

Notes

Further reading

Race

External links