Eduard Fuchs (31 January 1870,

Göppingen Göppingen (; or ) is a town in southern Germany, part of the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg. It is the capital of the Goeppingen (district), district Göppingen. Göppingen is home to the toy company Märklin, and it is the birthplace ...

– 26 January 1940,

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) was a German

Marxist Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflic ...

scholar of culture and history, writer, art collector, and political activist.

Early life

Fuchs's father was a shopkeeper. Early in his life, the younger Fuchs developed socialist and Marxist political convictions. In 1886, he joined the outlawed political party Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei (the precursor of the modern SPD, Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands). Fuchs received a doctor of law degree and practiced as an attorney. In 1892, he became editor-in-chief of the satiric weekly ''Süddeutscher Postillon'' and later co-editor of the ''Leipziger Volkszeitung''.

Political and literary activism

His inflammatory articles in newspapers—one accusing the Kaiser of being a mass murderer—resulted in periodic jail sentences. During his periods of confinement, Fuchs wrote various social histories utilizing images as one of his primary sources. The first of these was his ''Karikatur der europäischen Völker'' (Caricatures of European Peoples), 1902. He moved to

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

that same year where he edited the socialist newspaper ''

Vorwärts ( ; "Forward") is a newspaper published by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Founded in 1876, it was the central organ of the SPD for many decades. Following the party's Halle Congress (1891), it was published daily as the success ...

''. The following year he began his magnum opus, an examination of moral practice, ''Sittengeschichte'', eventually running to six volumes by 1912. While engaged in this series, he followed up his interest in caricatures with one devoted to the representation of women, ''Die Frau in der Karikatur'', 1905 (3 vols). Another book documenting the stereotypical representations of Jews appeared in 1912. Fuchs traveled with the artist

Max Slevogt Max Slevogt (8 October 1868 – 20 September 1932) was a German Impressionist painter and illustrator, best known for his landscapes. He was, together with Lovis Corinth and Max Liebermann, one of the foremost representatives in Germany of t ...

to Egypt in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. He was a pacifist during the War. Vladimir Lenin's government put him in charge of prisoner exchange with Germany after the war; he was among the leaders of the German

Comintern The Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern and also known as the Third International, was a political international which existed from 1919 to 1943 and advocated world communism. Emerging from the collapse of the Second Internatio ...

in Berlin in 1919. Fuchs became a founding member of the Spartakus League and the

Communist Party of Germany The Communist Party of Germany (, ; KPD ) was a major Far-left politics, far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, German resistance to Nazism, underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and minor party ...

. His interest in societal concerns in caricature led to a research interest in Daumier. Beginning in 1920, Fuchs published a

catalogue raisonné A (or critical catalogue) is an annotated listing of the works of an artist or group of artists and can contain all works or a selection of works categorised by different parameters such as medium or period. A ''catalogue raisonné'' is normal ...

on the artist in three volumes. Fuchs campaigned for

Heinrich Brandler Heinrich Brandler (3 July 1881 – 26 September 1967) was a German communist, trade unionist, politician, revolutionary activist, and political writer. Brandler is best remembered as the head of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during the par ...

and his right opposition within the party. Fuchs resigned from the party in 1929, following the expulsion of Brandler, Thalheimer and several other stalwarts and subsequently joined the Communist Party of Germany (Opposition). At

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...

's ascension to power in Germany in 1933, Fuchs was, according to the

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

, "violently attacked by the Nazi regime and because his second wife, the forme
Grete Alsberg
was a Jewess, had to flee Germany." Ironically, in his memoirs, publisher Ernst Hanfstaengel recalled that he had seen "slightly concealed" copies of Fuchs' ''The Illustrated History of Morals'' and ''The History of Erotic Art'' on Hitler's bookshelf when visiting the future dictator's domicile in

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in the early 1920s.

Art collector

By 1909, Fuchs owned 3,800 lithographs by Daumier in 1909 and By the end of the 1920s, he owned 6,000 prints, 21 paintings and 16 drawings by him. Fuchs also had in his collection 44 paintings and at least 10 watercolors by Max Slevogt, many acquired directly from the artist who was also his friend. Fuchs' collection included19 paintings by

Max Liebermann Max Liebermann (20 July 1847 – 8 February 1935) was a German painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany and continental Europe. In addition to his activity as an artist, he also assembled an important ...

as wella as majolica and porcelain and East Asian objects. Fuchs possessed the largest collection (120) of Chinese rooflights at that time. For his research he also had over twenty thousand drawings, prints, pamphlets and posters of moral histories. Fuchs placed his collection in the "Villa Fuchs" which had been built by

Mies van der Rohe Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( ; ; born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies; March 27, 1886August 17, 1969) was a German-American architect, academic, and interior designer. He was commonly referred to as Mies, his surname. He is regarded as one of the pionee ...

in 1901 in Berlin-Zehlendorf.

Nazi seizure of Fuchs' art collection

Fuchs and his wife, who was Jewish, escaped Nazi Germany in February 1933 via Schaffhausen, Strasbourg and Geneva to Paris. On 25 March 1933 a large-scale Gestapo operation took place at the Villa Fuchs, ostensibly to secure "communist evidence." On 25 October 1933 the Fuchs Collection was officially confiscated, the rooms sealed, and books, posters, and pamphlets taken away. On 26 October 1933 the furniture and the remaining art objects were seized the Zehlendorf tax office. Fuchs' books were banned, confiscated and partially burned.

Exile and death

In exile in Paris, Fuchs was friends with

Walter Benjamin Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( ; ; 15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940) was a German-Jewish philosopher, cultural critic, media theorist, and essayist. An eclectic thinker who combined elements of German idealism, Jewish mysticism, Western M ...

, among others. Fuchs died on 26 January 1940; he was buried on 29 January 1940 in the

Père Lachaise cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery (, , formerly , ) is the largest cemetery in Paris, France, at . With more than 3.5 million visitors annually, it is the most visited necropolis in the world. Buried at Père Lachaise are many famous figures in the ...

. Fuchs was survived by his second wife Margarete - called Grete, also Margret Fuchs. She died in exile in New York City on 7 June 1953. His daughter Gertraud from his first marriage to Frida Fuchs (1876-1956) died on 19 May 1960.

Provenance research into Margarete and Eduard Fuch's looted art collection

From February 2018 to February 2020 and May 2020 to April 2022, research projects were launched to try to reconstruct the history of the Fuchs collection which had been looted by the Nazis. A triptych by Max Slevogt, Der verlorene Sohn (The Prodigal Son), that had belonged to Fuch was restituted to his heirs by the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart which had received it as a gift from the German art collector Otto Stäbler.

Works

* ''1848 in der Caricatur''. München: Ernst 1898 * ''Die Karikatur der europäischen Völker vom Altertum bis zur Neuzeit'' (mit Hans Kraemer). Berlin: A. Hoffman 1902 * ''Die Karikatur der europäischen Völker vom Jahre 1848 bis zur Gegenwart''. Berlin: A. Hoffman 1903
''Das erotische Element in der Karikatur''
Berlin: A. Hoffman 1904 * ''Die Frau in der Karikatur''. München: Albert Langen 1906 * ''Richard Wagner in der Karikatur'' (mit Ernst Kreowski). München: Albert Langen 1907 * ''Geschichte der erotischen Kunst. Band 1: Das zeitgeschichtliche Problem''. München: Albert Langen 1908

München: Albert Langen 1909. ttp://www.sosantikvarium.hu/book2100.html Some images* ''Illustrierte Sittengeschichte vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, Band 2: Die galante Zeit''. München: Albert Langen 1911 * ''Illustrierte Sittengeschichte vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, Band 3: Das bürgerliche Zeitalter''. München: Albert Langen 1912 * ''Die Weiberherrschaft in der Geschichte der Menschheit'' (mit Alfred Kind). Erster Band. München: Albert Langen 1913 * ''Die Weiberherrschaft in der Geschichte der Menschheit'' (mit Alfred Kind). Zweiter Band. München: Albert Langen 1913 * ''Die Weiberherrschaft in der Geschichte der Menschheit'' (mit Alfred Kind). Ergänzungsband. München: Albert Langen 1913 * ''Der Weltkrieg in der Karikatur. Bis zum Vorabend des Krieges". München: Albert Langen 1916 * ''Die Juden in der Karikatur: Ein Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte''. München: Albert Langen 1921 * ''Geschichte der erotischen Kunst. Band 2: Das individuelle Problem. Erster Teil''. München: Albert Langen 1923 * ''Tang-Plastik: Chinesische Grabkeramik des VII. bis X. Jahrhunderts''. München: Albert Langen, 1924 * ''Dachreiter und Verwandte: Chinesische Keramik des XV. bis XVIII. Jahrhunderts''. München: A. Langen, 1924 * ''Gavarni. Hrsg. von Eduard Fuchs'' (mit Paul Gavarni). München: Albert Langen, 1925 * ''Geschichte der erotischen Kunst. Band 3: Das individuelle Problem. Zweiter Teil''. München: Albert Langen 1926 * ''Honoré Daumier: Holzschnitte 1833–1872''. München, A. Langen, 1927. * ''Honoré Daumier: Lithographien 1828–1851''. München, A. Langen, 1927 * ''Honoré Daumier: Lithographien 1852–1860''. München, A. Langen, 1927. * ''Honoré Daumier: Lithographien 1861–1872''. München, A. Langen, 1927. * ''Der Maler Daumier''. München: Albert Langen 1930 * ''Die grossen Meister der Erotik: Ein Beitrag zum Problem des Schöpferischen in der Kunst; Malerei und Plastik''. München: Albert Langen, 1931

External links

*
Works by or about Eduard Fuchs
in the catalog of the German National Library
Verlustumstand gemeldet als NS-verfolgungsbedingt entzogenes Kulturgut, Eduard FuchsProvenienzforschung an der Kunsthalle zu Kiel Gemälde und Skulpturen

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuchs, Eduard 1870 births 1940 deaths People from Göppingen Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians Communist Party of Germany politicians Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) politicians German activists German expatriates in France 20th-century German historians German journalists German male journalists Marxist journalists German Marxist writers German male writers Subjects of Nazi art appropriations Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery