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Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American writer, best known for his prolific output in the adventure,
science fiction Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space ...
, and
fantasy Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction that involves supernatural or Magic (supernatural), magical elements, often including Fictional universe, imaginary places and Legendary creature, creatures. The genre's roots lie in oral traditions, ...
genres. Best known for creating the characters Tarzan (who appeared in a series of twenty-four books by him) and John Carter (who was a recurring character in a series of eleven books), he also wrote the '' Pellucidar'' series, the '' Amtor'' series, and the ''Caspak'' trilogy. Tarzan was immediately popular, and Burroughs capitalized on it in every possible way, including a syndicated Tarzan comic strip,
films A film, also known as a movie or motion picture, is a work of Visual arts, visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, emotions, or atmosphere through the use of moving images that are gen ...
, and merchandise. Tarzan remains one of the most successful fictional characters to this day and is a cultural icon. Burroughs's California ranch is now the center of the Tarzana neighborhood in
Los Angeles Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the commercial, Financial District, Los Angeles, financial, and Culture of Los Angeles, ...
, named after the character. Burroughs was an explicit supporter of eugenics and
scientific racism Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscience, pseudoscientific belief that the Human, human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "race (human categorization), races", and that empirical evi ...
in both his fiction and nonfiction; Tarzan was meant to reflect these concepts.


Biography


Early life and family

Burroughs was born on September 1, 1875, in
Chicago Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...
,
Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash River, Wabash and Ohio River, Ohio rivers to its ...
, the fourth son of Major George Tyler Burroughs, a businessman and
Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
veteran, and his wife, Mary Evaline (Zieger) Burroughs. Edgar's middle name is from his paternal grandmother, Mary Coleman Rice Burroughs. Burroughs was of English and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, with a family line that had been in North America since the Colonial era. Through his Rice grandmother, Burroughs was descended from settler Edmund Rice, one of the English Puritans who moved to
Massachusetts Bay Colony The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of M ...
in the early 17th century. He once remarked: "I can trace my ancestry back to Deacon Edmund Rice." The Burroughs side of the family was also of English origin, having emigrated to Massachusetts around the same time. Many of his ancestors fought in the American Revolution. Some of his ancestors settled in Virginia during the colonial period, and Burroughs often emphasized his connection with that side of his family, seeing it as romantic and warlike.Taliaferro, John. ''Tarzan Forever: The Life of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Creator of Tarzan''. pp. 15, 27. Burroughs was educated at a number of local schools then at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and then the Michigan Military Academy. He graduated in 1895, but he failed the entrance exam for the United States Military Academy at West Point, so instead he enlisted with the 7th U.S. Cavalry in Fort Grant, Arizona Territory. However, he was diagnosed with a heart problem and thus ineligible to serve, so he was discharged in 1897. After his discharge, Burroughs worked at a number of different jobs. During the Chicago influenza epidemic of 1891, he spent half a year at his brother's ranch on the Raft River in
Idaho Idaho ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest and Mountain states, Mountain West subregions of the Western United States. It borders Montana and Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington (state), ...
as a cowboy. He drifted afterward, then worked at his father's Chicago battery factory in 1899. He married his childhood sweetheart, Emma Hulbert (1876–1944), in January 1900. In 1903, Burroughs joined his brothers, Yale graduates George and Harry, who were, by then, prominent Pocatello area ranchers in southern Idaho, and partners in the Sweetser-Burroughs Mining Company, where he took on managing their ill-fated Snake River gold dredge, a classic bucket-line dredge. The Burroughs brothers were also the sixth cousins, once removed, of famed miner Kate Rice who, in 1914, became the first female prospector in the Canadian North. Journalist and publisher C. Allen Thorndike Rice was also his third cousin. When the new mine proved unsuccessful, the brothers secured for Burroughs a position with the Oregon Short Line Railroad in Salt Lake City. Burroughs resigned from the railroad in October 1904.


Later life

By 1911, around age 36, after seven years of low wages as a pencil-sharpener wholesaler, Burroughs began to write fiction. By this time, Emma and he had two children, Joan (1908–1972), and Hulbert (1909–1991). During this period, he had copious spare time and began reading pulp-fiction magazines. In 1929, he recalled thinking that: In 1913, Burroughs and Emma had their third and last child, John Coleman Burroughs (1913–1979), later known for his illustrations of his father's books. In the 1920s, Burroughs became a pilot, purchased a Security Airster S-1, and encouraged his family to learn to fly. Daughter Joan married ''Tarzan'' film actor James Pierce. She starred with her husband as the voice of ''Jane'', during 1932–1934 for the '' Tarzan'' radio series. Burroughs divorced Emma in 1934, and, in 1935, married the former actress Florence Gilbert Dearholt, who was the former wife of his friend (who was then himself remarrying), Ashton Dearholt, with whom he had co-founded Burroughs-Tarzan Enterprises while filming ''The New Adventures of Tarzan''. Burroughs adopted the Dearholts' two children. He and Florence divorced in 1942. Burroughs was in his late 60s and was in
Honolulu Honolulu ( ; ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii, located in the Pacific Ocean. It is the county seat of the Consolidated city-county, consolidated City and County of Honol ...
at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Despite his age, he applied for and received permission to become a war correspondent, becoming one of the oldest U.S. war correspondents during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. This period of his life is mentioned in William Brinkley's bestselling novel '' Don't Go Near the Water''.


Death

After the war ended, Burroughs moved back to Encino, California, where after many health problems, he died of a heart attack on March 19, 1950, having written almost 80 novels. He is buried in Tarzana, California, US. At the time of his death he was believed to have been the writer who had made the most from films, earning over US$2 million in royalties from 27 Tarzan pictures. The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Burroughs in 2003.


Literary career

Aiming his work at the pulps—under the name "Norman Bean" to protect his reputation—Burroughs had his first story, '' Under the Moons of Mars'', serialized by Frank Munsey in the February to July 1912 issues of '' The All-Story''.The Hillmans' Virtual Visit to The Nell Dismukes McWhorter Memorial Edgar Rice Burroughs Collection
" (with photographs). ''ERBzine'' 4(19).
Robinson, Frank M. 2000.
The Story Behind the Original All-Story
" '' American Zoetrope'' 4(1). Archived from th
original
on March 16, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
''Under the Moons of Mars'' inaugurated the '' Barsoom'' series, introduced John Carter, and earned Burroughs US$400 ($11,922 today). It was first published as a book by A. C. McClurg of Chicago in 1917, entitled '' A Princess of Mars'', after three Barsoom sequels had appeared as serials and McClurg had published the first four serial Tarzan novels as books. Burroughs soon took up writing full-time, and by the time the run of ''Under the Moons of Mars'' had finished, he had completed two novels, including '' Tarzan of the Apes'', published from October 1912 and one of his most successful series. Burroughs also wrote popular science fiction and fantasy stories involving adventurers from Earth transported to various planets (notably Barsoom, Burroughs's fictional name for Mars, and Amtor, his fictional name for Venus), lost islands ( Caspak), and into the interior of the Hollow Earth in his '' Pellucidar'' stories. He also wrote Westerns and historical romances. Besides those published in ''All-Story'', many of his stories were published in '' The Argosy'' magazine. Tarzan was a cultural sensation when introduced. Burroughs was determined to capitalize on Tarzan's popularity in every way possible. He planned to exploit Tarzan through several different media including a syndicated Tarzan comic strip, movies, and merchandise. Experts in the field advised against this course of action, stating that the different media would just end up competing against each other. Burroughs went ahead, however, and proved the experts wrong – the public wanted Tarzan in whatever fashion he was offered. Tarzan remains one of the most successful fictional characters to this day and is a cultural icon. In either 1915 or 1919, Burroughs purchased a large ranch north of Los Angeles, California, which he named "Tarzana". The citizens of the community that sprang up around the ranch voted to adopt that name when their community, Tarzana, California, was formed in 1927. Also, the unincorporated community of Tarzan, Texas, was formally named in 1927 when the US Postal Service accepted the name,. reputedly coming from the popularity of the first (silent) '' Tarzan of the Apes'' film, starring Elmo Lincoln, and an early "Tarzan" comic strip. In 1923, Burroughs set up his own company, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc., and began printing his own books through the 1930s.


Reception

Because of the part Burroughs's science fiction played in inspiring real exploration of Mars, an impact crater on Mars was named in his honor after his death. In a '' Paris Review'' interview, Ray Bradbury said of Burroughs: In '' Something of Myself'' (published posthumously in 1937)
Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)''The Times'', (London) 18 January 1936, p. 12. was an English journalist, novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He was born in British Raj, British India, which inspired much ...
wrote: "My ''Jungle Books'' begat Zoos of mitators/nowiki>. But the genius of all the genii was one who wrote a series called ''Tarzan of the Apes''. I read it, but regret I never saw it on the films, where it rages most successfully. He had 'jazzed' the motif of the ''Jungle Books'' and, I imagine, had thoroughly enjoyed himself. He was reported to have said that he wanted to find out how bad a book he could write and 'get away with', which is a legitimate ambition." By 1963, Floyd C. Gale of '' Galaxy Science Fiction'' wrote when discussing reprints of several Burroughs novels by Ace Books, "an entire generation has grown up inexplicably Burroughs-less". He stated that most of the author's books had been out of print for years and that only the "occasional laughable Tarzan film" reminded the public of his fiction. Gale reported his surprise that after two decades his books were again available, with Canaveral Press, Dover Publications, and Ballantine Books also reprinting them. Few critical books have been written about Burroughs. From an academic standpoint, the most helpful are Erling Holtsmark's two books: ''Tarzan and Tradition'' and ''Edgar Rice Burroughs''; Stan Galloway's ''The Teenage Tarzan: A Literary Analysis of Edgar Rice Burroughs' ''Jungle Tales of Tarzan; and Richard Lupoff's two books: ''Master of Adventure: Edgar Rice Burroughs''Lupoff, Richard. Master of Adventure: Edgar Rice Burroughs. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. and ''Barsoom: Edgar Rice Burroughs and the Martian Vision''. Galloway was identified by James Edwin Gunn as "one of the half-dozen finest Burroughs scholars in the world"; Galloway called Holtsmark his "most important predecessor". Burroughs strongly supported eugenics and
scientific racism Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscience, pseudoscientific belief that the Human, human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "race (human categorization), races", and that empirical evi ...
. His views held that English nobles made up a particular heritable elite among
Anglo-Saxons The Anglo-Saxons, in some contexts simply called Saxons or the English, were a Cultural identity, cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. They traced t ...
. Tarzan was meant to reflect this, with him being born to English nobles and then adopted by talking apes (the Mangani). They express eugenicist views themselves, but Tarzan is permitted to live despite being deemed "unfit" in comparison and grows up to surpass not only them but black Africans, whom Burroughs clearly presents as inherently inferior. In one Tarzan story, he finds an ancient civilization where eugenics has been practiced for over 2,000 years, with the result that it is free of all crime. Criminal behavior is held to be entirely hereditary, with the solution having been to kill not only criminals but also their families. '' Lost on Venus'', a later novel, presents a similar utopia where forced sterilization is practiced and the "unfit" are killed. Burroughs explicitly supported such ideas in his unpublished nonfiction essay ''I See A New Race''. Additionally, his ''Pirate Blood'', which is not
speculative fiction Speculative fiction is an umbrella term, umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses all the subgenres that depart from Realism (arts), realism, or strictly imitating everyday reality, instead presenting fantastical, supernatural, futuristic, or ...
and remained unpublished after his death, portrayed the characters as victims of their hereditary criminal traits (one a descendant of the corsair Jean Lafitte, another from the Jukes family). These views have been compared with
Nazi eugenics The social policies of eugenics in Nazi Germany were composed of various ideas about genetics. The Nazi racial theories, racial ideology of Nazism placed the biological improvement of the German people by selective breeding of "Nordic race, No ...
– though noting that they were popular and common at the time and that Burroughs expressed great contempt for Nazism and fascism – with his '' Lost on Venus'' being released the same year the Nazis took power (in 1933). In 2003, Burroughs was inducted into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. As of 2025, there exists a significant special collection of Edgar Rice Burroughs' various works at the Oak Park Public Library. Consisting of many rare books of his Tarzan, Mucker, Barsoom, Pellucidar, Venus, Caspak, and Moon series, the collection was developed due to Burroughs' own connection to the city, being where he wrote several of his first works, those being the Tarzan and Marian stories. Beyond the rare editions, the collection also holds a number of newspaper clippings, ephemera, correspondence between Burroughs and others, as well as various old Tarzan films. Much of the initial collection was gathered during a block party held in 1975 by a group called CHEETAH (Citizens Holding Exercises Extolling Tarzan's Anniversary Here) and compiled by Florence Moyer.


Selected works


''Barsoom'' series (aka Martian series)

# '' A Princess of Mars'' (1912) # '' The Gods of Mars'' (1913) # '' The Warlord of Mars'' (1914) # '' Thuvia, Maid of Mars'' (1916) # '' The Chessmen of Mars'' (1922) # '' The Master Mind of Mars'' (1927) # '' A Fighting Man of Mars'' (1930) # '' Swords of Mars'' (1934) # '' Synthetic Men of Mars'' (1939) # '' Llana of Gathol'' (1941) # '' John Carter of Mars'' (1964, two stories from 1940 and 1943)


''Tarzan'' series

# '' Tarzan of the Apes'' (1912) # '' The Return of Tarzan'' (1913) # '' The Beasts of Tarzan'' (1914) # '' The Son of Tarzan'' (1915) # '' Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar'' (1916) # '' Jungle Tales of Tarzan'' (stories 1916–1917) # '' Tarzan the Untamed'' (1919) # '' Tarzan the Terrible'' (1921) # '' Tarzan and the Golden Lion'' (1922) # '' Tarzan and the Ant Men'' (1924) # '' Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle'' (1927) # '' Tarzan and the Lost Empire'' (1928) # '' Tarzan at the Earth's Core'' (1929) # '' Tarzan the Invincible'' (1930) # '' Tarzan Triumphant'' (1931) # '' Tarzan and the City of Gold'' (1932) # '' Tarzan and the Lion Man'' (1933) # '' Tarzan and the Leopard Men'' (1932) # '' Tarzan's Quest'' (1935) # '' Tarzan the Magnificent'' (1936) # '' Tarzan and the Forbidden City'' (1938) # '' Tarzan and the Foreign Legion'' (1947, written in 1944) # '' Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins'' (1963, collects 1927 and 1936 children's books) # '' Tarzan and the Madman'' (1964, written in 1940) # '' Tarzan and the Castaways'' (1965, stories from 1940 to 1941) # '' Tarzan: The Lost Adventure'' (1995, rewritten version of 1946 fragment, completed by Joe R. Lansdale)


''Pellucidar'' series

# '' At the Earth's Core'' (1914) # '' Pellucidar'' (1915) # '' Tanar of Pellucidar'' (1929) # '' Tarzan at the Earth's Core'' (1929) # '' Back to the Stone Age'' (1937) # '' Land of Terror'' (1944, written in 1939) # '' Savage Pellucidar'' (1963, stories from 1942)


''Venus'' series

# '' Pirates of Venus'' (1932) # '' Lost on Venus'' (1933) # '' Carson of Venus'' (1938) # '' Escape on Venus'' (1946, stories from 1941 to 1942) # '' The Wizard of Venus'' (1970, written in 1941)


''Caspak'' series

# '' The Land That Time Forgot'' (1918) # '' The People That Time Forgot'' (1918) # '' Out of Time's Abyss'' (1918)


''Moon'' series

* ''Part I: The Moon Maid'' (1923, serialized in ''Argosy'', May 5 – June 2, 1923) * ''Part II: The Moon Men'' (1925, serialized in ''Argosy'', February 21 – March 14, 1925) * ''Part III: The Red Hawk'' (1925 serialized in ''Argosy'', September 5–19, 1925) These three texts have been published by various houses in one or two volumes. Adding to the confusion, some editions have the original (significantly longer) introduction to Part I from the first publication as a magazine serial, and others have the shorter version from the first book publication, which included all three parts under the title '' The Moon Maid''..


''Mucker'' series

* '' The Mucker'' (1914) * '' The Return of the Mucker'' (1916) * '' The Oakdale Affair'' (1918)


Other science fiction

* '' The Monster Men'' (1913) * '' The Lost Continent'' (1916; a.k.a. ''Beyond Thirty'') * '' The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw'' (1937) * '' Beyond the Farthest Star'' (1942)


Jungle adventure novels

* '' The Cave Girl'' (1913, revised 1917) * '' The Eternal Lover'' (1914, rev. 1915; A.K.A. ''The Eternal Savage'') * '' The Man-Eater'' (1915) * '' The Lad and the Lion'' (1917) * '' Jungle Girl'' (1931; A.K.A. ''The Land of Hidden Men'')


Western novels

* '' The Bandit of Hell's Bend'' (1924) * '' The War Chief'' (1927) * '' Apache Devil'' (1933) * '' The Deputy Sheriff of Comanche County'' (1940)


Historical novels

* '' The Outlaw of Torn'' (1914) * '' I am a Barbarian'' (1967; written in 1941)


Other works

* '' Minidoka: 937th Earl of One Mile Series M'' (1998; written in 1903) * '' The Mad King'' (1914, rev. 1915) * (1916) * '' The Rider'' (1918) * '' The Efficiency Expert'' (1921) * '' The Girl from Hollywood'' (1922) * '' Marcia of the Doorstep'' (1924) * '' You Lucky Girl!'' (1927) * '' Pirate Blood'' (1970; written in 1932) * '' Forgotten Tales of Love and Murder'' (2001; stories from 1910 to 1944) * '' Brother Men'' (2005; nonfiction)


See also

* Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. * Mars in fiction * Otis Adelbert Kline *
Sword and planet Planetary romanceAllen Steele, ''Captain Future - the Horror at Jupiter''p .195/ref> (other synonyms are sword and planet, and planetary adventure) is a subgenre of science fiction or science fantasy in which the bulk of the action consists of a ...


Explanatory notes


References


Bibliography

* * *


Further reading

* '' Master of Adventure: The Worlds of Edgar Rice Burroughs'' by Richard A. Lupoff * ''Tarzan Forever: The Life of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Creator of Tarzan'' by John Taliaferro * ''Golden Anniversary Bibliography of Edgar Rice Burroughs'' by the Rev. Henry Hardy Heins * '' Tarzan Alive'' by Philip Jose Farmer * ''Burroughs's Science Fiction'' by Robert R. Kudlay and Joan Leiby * ''Tarzan and Tradition'' and ''Edgar Rice Burroughs'' by Erling B. Holtsmark * ''Edgar Rice Burroughs'' by Irwin Porges * ''Edgar Rice Burroughs'' by Robert B. Zeuschner * ''The Burroughs Cyclopædia'' ed. by Clark A. Brady * ''A Guide to Barsoom'' by John Flint Roy * ''Tarzan: the Centennial Celebration'' by Scott Tracy Griffin * ''Edgar Rice Burroughs: The Descriptive Bibliography of the Grosset & Dunlap Reprints'' by B.J. Lukes


External links

* * *
Works by Edgar Rice Burroughs
a
Project Gutenberg Australia
* * * *
ERB C.H.A.S.E.R Directory
Complete Edgar Rice Burroughs Illustrated Bibliography by Bill Hillman's ERBzine.com * (official website)
Bibliography
on SciFan *
Works by Edgar Rice Burroughs

/ 1st UK editions list with pictures of the books
*
The Fantastic Worlds of Edgar Rice Burroughs
(podcasts)
ERBzine.com

Edgar Rice Burroughs UK Paperbacks
list of UK 1st edition paperbacks {{DEFAULTSORT:Burroughs, Edgar Rice 1875 births 1950 deaths 20th-century American novelists People from Tarzana, Los Angeles American fantasy writers American science fiction writers Writers from California Writers from Oak Park, Illinois Phillips Academy alumni Pulp fiction writers Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees United States Army soldiers Writers from Chicago American people of English descent American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent American male novelists Chess variant inventors Inkpot Award winners Novelists from Illinois 20th-century American male writers Proponents of scientific racism American eugenicists American white supremacists Mythopoeic writers