The Ebro Delta (, ; , ) is the

delta Delta commonly refers to: * Delta (letter) (Δ or δ), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet * D (NATO phonetic alphabet: "Delta"), the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet * River delta, at a river mouth * Delta Air Lines, a major US carrier ...

region of the Ebro River (, ) in the southwest of the

Province of Tarragona Tarragona (; ) is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. It is bordered by the provinces of Castellón, Teruel, Zaragoza, Lleida and Barcelona and by the Mediterranean Sea. The province's po ...

in the region of

Catalonia Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationalities and regions of Spain, nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006, Statute of Autonomy. Most of its territory (except the Val d'Aran) is situate ...

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

. It is located on the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ...

, and is the northernmost point, by some designations, of the Gulf of Valencia. Its location per Ramsar site designation is .

Geography

The Ebro

Delta Delta commonly refers to: * Delta (letter) (Δ or δ), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet * D (NATO phonetic alphabet: "Delta"), the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet * River delta, at a river mouth * Delta Air Lines, a major US carrier ...

is one of the largest

wetland A wetland is a distinct semi-aquatic ecosystem whose groundcovers are flooded or saturated in water, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally. Flooding results in oxygen-poor ( anoxic) processes taking place, especially ...

areas in the western Mediterranean region, at .Ebro.info: Ebro Delta Natural Park
. accessed 5.22.2011 The Ebro delta has expanded rapidly on soils washed downriver. The town of

Amposta Amposta () is the capital of the ''comarca'' of Montsià, in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain, 190 km south of Barcelona on the Mediterranean Coast. It is located at 8 metres above sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shorten ...

, a seaport in the 4th century, demonstrates the historical rate of growth of the delta as it is now located well inland from the current river mouth. The rounded form of the delta attests to the balance between sediment deposition by the Ebro and removal of this material by wave erosion. The area at the primary mouth of the Ebro is currently protected by several fluvial islands: the Isle of Garxal (), the Isle of Sant Antoni (), and the Isle of Buddha (). The Ebro Delta was placed, with in 1993, on the

Ramsar Convention The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar site, Ramsar sites (wetlands). It is also known as the Convention on We ...

list of wetlands of international importance as defined for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value.

Uses

Agriculture

Some delta areas have been drained for agricultural use over the centuries. The modern delta is in intensive agricultural use for rice, fruit (in particular citrus), and vegetables. The Rice-producing Cooperative of the Ebro Delta accounts for a production capacity of 45 thousand tonnes of rice annually, from 14 varietals, cultivated on 22,000 hectares. Compared to the major Spanish rice-producing regions of

Andalusia Andalusia ( , ; , ) is the southernmost autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomou ...

and

Extremadura Extremadura ( ; ; ; ; Fala language, Fala: ''Extremaúra'') is a landlocked autonomous communities in Spain, autonomous community of Spain. Its capital city is Mérida, Spain, Mérida, and its largest city is Badajoz. Located in the central- ...

, yields in the Ebro Delta are more consistent, due to a stable water supply. Since 1992, the Ebro Delta is one of three Spanish regions awarded a Protected Designation of Origin for rice production. "The designation includes six varieties: bahía, bomba, fonsa, montsianell, sènia and tebre, grown exclusively in the towns of Aldea, Ampolla, Amposta, Camarles, Deltebre, Sant Carles de la Ràpita and Sant Jaume d'Enveja." A network of canals and irrigation ditches constructed by both agricultural and conservation groups are helping to maintain the ecologic and economic resources of the Ebro Delta. The

zebra mussel The zebra mussel (''Dreissena polymorpha'') is a small freshwater mussel, an Aquatic animal, aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Dreissenidae. The species originates from the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, but has been accidentally Intro ...

, an

invasive species An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment. Invasive species adversely affect habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage. The term can also be used for native spec ...

, is expanding through the delta and upstream in Ebro waters. Due to its rapid rate of reproduction with a competing advantage, the zebra mussel is adversely affecting native species.

Wildlife

In 1983 Spain designated a large part of the delta as a natural park. Ebro Delta Natural Park (Catalan: ''Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre'', Spanish: ''Parque Natural del Delta del Ebro'') has a total surface area of . The natural park has protected

s, beaches,

marsh In ecology, a marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous plants rather than by woody plants.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p More in genera ...

es, salt pans, and

estuaries An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environm ...

that provide extensive

habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...

s. The park is of international importance for eight of its plant species and 69 of its vertebrate fauna. It has some 95 breeding species of birds, is also very important for over 300 species of a wide range of transient and overwintering species, and serves as an essential stopover point for large numbers of migratory birds and

waterfowl Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which i ...

. The Ebro delta has the world's largest colony of Audouin's gulls. In 2006 it held a record number of more than 15,000 pairs.

Threats

Climate change Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in Global surface temperature, global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. Climate variability and change, Climate change in ...

has led to increased erosion of the delta from the sea, as well as increasing the level of the saltwater table. At the same time, dams upstream have reduced the amount of sediment reaching the delta. The resulting changes to the delta are damaging biodiversity and local farmers.

References

''Ebro''
in the

Columbia Encyclopedia The ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' is a one-volume encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and, in the last edition, sold by the Gale Group. First published in 1935, and continuing its relationship with Columbia University Columbi ...

External links

Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre

* ttp://earthfromspace.photoglobe.info/spc_ebro_delta.html Earth from Space: The Ebro Delta.— ''seen from Space'' * ttp://www.iberianature.com/material/ebro.html Iberian Nature: The River Ebro and Deltabr>Birding in Spain: Photo gallery of the Ebro Delta and surrounding area
- ''birds, plants, and landscapes''.
Places to stay in Riumar, next to nature reserve in the Delta del Ebro
- ''nature reserve, stayover, holiday homes''.
The Trinidad Salt Pans
- ''Pans within the Ebro River Delta Nature Reserve''
Generalitat de Catalunya: Parcs Naturals, Delta de l'Ebre
— official park homepage {{Authority control .01 Estuaries of Spain Wetlands of Catalonia Natural parks of Catalonia Landforms of Catalonia Landforms of Spain River deltas of Europe Province of Tarragona Ramsar sites in Spain