Ebba Ramsay
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Ebba Ramsay (1 October 1828 – 29 October 1922) was a Swedish social worker, writer, and translator. She was among the first
Sunday school ] A Sunday school, sometimes known as a Sabbath school, is an educational institution, usually Christianity, Christian in character and intended for children or neophytes. Sunday school classes usually precede a Sunday church service and are u ...
teachers in Sweden and created the first institution in the country devoted to the care of mentally and physically challenged children. She is remembered for her work that stressed the importance of providing adequate care for children with disabilities at a time when their needs were typically ignored.


Early life and education

Ebba Gustava Karström was born on 1 October 1828, in Storkyrkan, Saint Nicholas parish, Stockholm County, Sweden, to Carolina Catharina (née Almqvist) and Wilhelm Svedin Karström. Her father was the district customs manager of Stockholm. Her family was very pious and from a young age, she was dedicated to activities that could provide emotional support and relief from distress. She was educated at the Hammarstedtska skolan run by and studied music and languages with Adolf Fredrik Lindblad. She became proficient enough in English, French,
Gaelic Gaelic (pronounced for Irish Gaelic and for Scots Gaelic) is an adjective that means "pertaining to the Gaels". It may refer to: Languages * Gaelic languages or Goidelic languages, a linguistic group that is one of the two branches of the Insul ...
, and German, that she would later translate works from these languages. She also studied drawing and painting and began to produce watercolor paintings. Involved in the intra-church revival movement, she along with friends Betty Ehrenborg and Mathilda Foy established one of the first
Sunday school ] A Sunday school, sometimes known as a Sabbath school, is an educational institution, usually Christianity, Christian in character and intended for children or neophytes. Sunday school classes usually precede a Sunday church service and are u ...
s in the capital in the 1840s.


Career

The family moved to
Gothenburg Gothenburg ( ; ) is the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, second-largest city in Sweden, after the capital Stockholm, and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated by the Kattegat on the west coast of Sweden, it is the gub ...
in 1847, and Karström began to work as secretary for a single mothers' association. Through her work there, she became aware of the needs of the mothers in caring for their sick or disabled children. She established the first Sunday school in Gothenburg, and from about 1850, she began work with children who had chronic illnesses or disabilities. In 1854, she went to England and Scotland to study social work practices for several months. She was strongly influenced by the work of the brothers
Andrew Andrew is the English form of the given name, common in many countries. The word is derived from the , ''Andreas'', itself related to ''aner/andros'', "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "c ...
and
Horatius Bonar Horatius Bonar (; 19 December 180831 July 1889) was a Scottish churchman and poet who was a contemporary and acquaintance of Robert Murray M'cheyne. He is principally remembered as a prodigious hymnodist. Friends knew him as Horace Bo ...
, Alexander Duff, and George Miller, who combined their missionary work with social improvement programs. Upon her return to Sweden and began to implement methods she had learned abroad into programs to provide care for the poor, as well as children and youth. She also wrote her first original publication that year, ''Sanning och dikt: pennritningar från Skärgården'' (Truth and Poetry: Pencil Drawings from the Archipelago), a book of religiously themed poems. She had published translations beginning in 1852 with a two-volume work based on Catherine Maria Sedgwick's 700-page book analyzing the benefits of whether or not to marry. (However, Johanna McElwee, Senior Lecturer/Associate Professor in the Department of Scandinavian Languages at
Uppsala University Uppsala University (UU) () is a public university, public research university in Uppsala, Sweden. Founded in 1477, it is the List of universities in Sweden, oldest university in Sweden and the Nordic countries still in operation. Initially fou ...
, has suggested that the 1852 work translated by Ramsay might in fact have been by another anonymous author, with a similar title to Sedgwick's 1857 novel.) On 4 December 1856, in Gothenburg, Karström married Carl Magnus Ramsay, a native of Finland. He was a civil servant and worked as a captain in the
Road and Waterway Construction Service Corps The Road and Waterway Construction Service Corps (, VVK) was during the years 1851–2010 a military administrative corps of reserve personnel in the Swedish Army, who was responsible for in the case of war provide the Swedish Armed Forces with sp ...
. The couple had a daughter, Helen Ebba Sofia Ramsey, in 1859, who would grow up to become headmistress of the epileptic institution at Vilhelmsro. The following year, the family moved to
Jönköping Jönköping (, ) is a Urban areas in Sweden, city in southern Sweden with 112,766 inhabitants (2022). Jönköping is situated on the southern shore of Sweden's second largest lake, Vättern, in the province of Småland. The city is the seat o ...
, where Ramsey would continue her missionary and social work. She founded a small preschool in 1862, and continued to publish poetry and religious works, signing them as E. R–y. After the unexpected death of her husband in 1864, Ramsay returned to Gothenburg. In 1865, she founded a home for orphans and chronically ill children. Within two years, she had formed an association among wealthy patrons to support the work with children. The association began hosting mother's meetings providing lectures and spiritual uplift. During the meetings, the women would distribute milk and bread and host sewing workshops to repair and mend clothing to assist poor families. From 1869, she began to organize summer camps for children on the
Gothenburg archipelago The archipelago of Gothenburg () comprises northern and southern archipelagoes. The southern archipelago is part of Gothenburg municipality located in the province of Västergötland while the northern archipelago is Öckerö municipality, located ...
, catering to those with tuberculosis or scrofula, and disabilities. The goal was to improve their health through outdoor activities and by removing them from the wretched conditions found in many poor homes. From 1870, Ramsay was more dedicated to her writing, producing around 100 translations, articles, and pamphlets for newspapers and women's magazines on a broad range of topics including children's health, epilepsy, religious enlightenment, social projects, and temperance. In 1872, Ramsay's father purchased a farm on
Lake Vättern A lake is often a naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface. It is localized in a basin or interconnected basins surrounded by dry land. Lakes lie completely on land and are separate from t ...
north of Jönköping for her. She named it Vilhelmsro (or Wilhelmsro) in his honor. Within two years, she opened a home there for children with physical and mental challenges, which became the first institution in Sweden dedicated to physically and mentally challenged children. Starting with only six children, within a year, Ramsay was caring for twenty youths. Seeking help from philanthropists, benefactors in England helped her build an asylum on the site which she called "Hoppet", allowing her to support 200 children. In 1879, she formed an association with Princess Eugénie to provide for the care of poor, terminally ill, and orphaned children in Stockholm. Until the was built in 1880 to provide housing for the children, they temporarily resided with Ramsay at Hoppet. Ramsay continued to make study trips abroad and became involved in the temperance movement because of her many stays in seaside towns, where she came into contact with the habits of sailors. She distributed Bibles and book bags to departing ships in an effort to encourage better habits among them. During a trip to the south of France, she visited the Asiles de La Force in
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to study children who were both
epileptic Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrent, unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, rang ...
and mentally challenged. Although she returned to Sweden intent on helping epileptic children, as there were no such facilities in the country, Ramsay was unable to begin that work until 1889. At that time, her daughter became head of the institution and its focus prioritized the care of children with epilepsy. Only able to care for a fraction of the children who needed care, Ramsay advocated for facilities to be built in the country. A facility was opened in the
Mariehäll Mariehäll is a suburb of Stockholm and a district in the north-east of the Bromma borough of Stockholm Municipality. In 2019, Mariehäll had 9,024 inhabitants. Mariehäll was originally part of the farm Bällsta. At the end of the 19th century M ...
district Stockholm and another in Gothenburg. She also stressed the need for care of children who were blind, deaf, and mute.


Death and legacy

Ramsey died on 29 October 1922 in Jönköpings Sofia parish, in
Jönköping County Jönköping County () is a county or '' län'' in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Halland, Västra Götaland, Östergötland, Kalmar and Kronoberg. The total county population was 356,291 inhabitants in September 2017. The capita ...
. She is remembered as a prolific writer, but moreso for her pioneering efforts to establish care facilities for children with mental and physical disabilities at a time when Sweden was not focused on such children.


Selected works

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References


Citations


Bibliography

* * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramsey, Ebba 1828 births 1922 deaths People from Stockholm Swedish disability rights activists Swedish women activists 19th-century Swedish women writers 19th-century Swedish writers