Eagle Hunting

Hunting with eagles is a traditional form of falconry found throughout the Eurasian Steppe, practiced by ancient Khitan and Turkic peoples. Today it is practiced by Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz in contemporary Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as diasporas in Bayan-Ölgii, Mongolia, and Xinjiang, China. Though these people are most famous for hunting with golden eagles, they have been known to train northern Eurasian goshawks, peregrine falcons, saker falcons, and more.

Terminology

In both Kazakh and Kyrgyz, there are separate terms for those who hunt with birds of prey in general, and those who hunt with eagles.

In Kazakh, both ''qusbegi'' and ''sayatshy'' refer to falconers in general. ''Qusbegi'' comes from the words ''qus'' ("bird") and ''bek'' ("lord"), thus literally translating as "lord of birds." In Old Turkic, ''kush begi'' was a title used for the khan's most respected advisors, reflecting the valued role of the court falconer. ''Sayatshy'' comes from the word ''sayat'' ("falconry") and the suffix ''-shy'', used for professional titles in Turkic languages. The Kazakh word for falconers that hunt with eagles is ''bürkitshi'', from ''bürkit'' ("golden eagle"), while the word for those that use goshawks is ''qarshyghashy'', from ''qarshygha'' ("goshawk").

In Kyrgyz, the general word for falconers is ''münüshkör''. A falconer who specifically hunts with eagles is a ''bürkütchü'', from '' bürküt'' ("golden eagle").

History

Güktürks

In Old Turkic, kush begi was a title used for the khan's most respected advisors, reflecting the valued role of the court falconer.

Khitans

In 936-45 AD the Khitans, a nomadic people from Manchuria who spoke a Para-Mongolic language, conquered part of north China. In 960 AD China was conquered by the Song dynasty. From its beginnings, the Song dynasty was unable to completely control the Khitan who had already assimilated much of Chinese culture. Throughout its 300-year rule of China, the Song dynasty had to pay tribute to the Khitan to keep them from conquering additional Song dynasty territory. Despite the fact that the Khitans assimilated Chinese culture, they retained many nomadic traditions, including eagle hunting

Kyrgyz

In 1207, the Kyrgyz nomads surrendered to Genghis Khan's son Jochi. Under Mongol rule, the Kyrgyz preserved their nomadic culture as well as eagle falconry traditions. Archaeologists trace back falconry in Central Asia to the first or second millennium BC.

Kazakhs in Mongolia

During the communist period in Kazakhstan, many Kazakhs fled for Mongolia to avoid being forced to abandon their nomadic lifestyle and sent to collective farms. They settled in Bayan-Ölgii Province and brought with them their tradition of hunting with eagles. There are an estimated 250 eagle hunters in Bayan-Ölgii, which is located in the Altai Mountains of western Mongolia. Their falconry custom involves hunting with golden eagles on horseback, and they primarily hunt red foxes and corsac foxes. They use eagles to hunt foxes and hares during the cold winter months when it is easier to see the gold-colored foxes against the snow. Each October, Kazakh eagle hunting customs are displayed at the annual Golden Eagle Festival. Although the Kazakh government has made efforts to lure the practitioners of these Kazakh traditions back to Kazakhstan, most Kazakhs have remained in Mongolia.

See also

* Ethnic groups in Chinese history
* Falconry
* Goryeo-Khitan Wars
* Kazakh Steppe
* Kyrgyzstan
* History of Mongolia
* ''The Eagle Huntress''
* Wolf hunting
* '' Gopro: Eagle Hunters in a New World (2017 album)''

References

Further reading

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External links

Article on eagle hunting in Kyrgyzstan with pictures




Golden Eagle Festival

Mongolian nomads hunt for the wolves using Golden Eagles

{{Hunting topics

Falconry
Culture of Central Asia
Culture of Kazakhstan
Culture of Kyrgyzstan
Ethnic Kyrgyz culture