EURion

The EURion constellation (also known as Omron rings or doughnuts) is a pattern of symbols incorporated into a number of secure documents such as banknotes, cheques, and ownership title certificate designs worldwide since about 1996. It is added to help imaging software detect the presence of such a document in a digital image. Such software can then block the user from reproducing such documents to prevent counterfeiting using colour photocopiers.

Description

The name EURion constellation was coined by security researcher Markus Kuhn, who uncovered the pattern on the 10-euro banknote in early 2002 while experimenting with a Xerox colour photocopier that refused to reproduce banknotes. Markus Kuhn
The EURion constellation
Security Group presentation, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 8 February 2002. The pattern has never been mentioned officially; Kuhn named it the ''EURion constellation'' as it resembled the astronomical Orion constellation, and EUR is the ISO 4217 designation of the euro currency.

The EURion constellation first described by Kuhn consists of a pattern of five small yellow, green or orange circles, which is repeated across areas of the banknote at different orientations. The mere presence of five of these circles on a page is sufficient for some colour photocopiers to refuse processing.

Some banks integrate the constellation tightly with the remaining design of the note. On 50 DM German banknotes, the EURion circles formed the innermost circles in a background pattern of fine concentric circles. On the front of former Bank of England Elgar £20 notes, they appear as green heads of musical notes; however, on the Smith £20 notes of 2007 the circles merely cluster around the ''£20'' text. On some U.S. bills, they appear as the digit zero in small, yellow numbers matching the value of the note. On Japanese yen, these circles sometimes appear as flowers.

Technical details regarding the EURion constellation are kept secret by its inventors and users. A 1995 patent applicationMitsutaka Katoh, et al.: Image processing device and method for identifying an input image, and copier scanner and printer including same. Omron Corporation, . suggests that the pattern and detection algorithm were designed at Omron, a Japanese electronics company. It is also not clear whether the feature has any official name. The term ''Omron anti-photocopying feature'' appeared in an August 2005 press release by the Reserve Bank of India. In 2007, the term ''Omron rings'' was used in an award announcement by a banknote collectors society.

Usage

The following table lists some banknotes on which the EURion constellation or Omron rings have been found. Current currencies for which all recent banknotes use the constellation are in bold and whose central banks are members of the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group are ''italicised''.

The members of Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group (CBCDG) are the European Central Bank and the central banks of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Other banknote detection mechanisms

Counterfeit Deterrence System

Since 2003, image editors such as Adobe Photoshop CS or PaintShop Pro 8 refuse to print banknotes. According to Wired.com, the banknote detection code in these applications, called the Counterfeit Deterrence System (CDS), was designed by the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group and supplied to companies such as Adobe as a binary module. Experiments by Steven J. Murdoch and others showed that this banknote detection code does not rely on the EURion pattern. It instead detects a digital watermark embedded in the images, developed by Digimarc.Digimarc: SEC Filing, Form S-1/A, Exhibit 10.9
Counterfeit Deterrence System Development and License Agreement
24 November 1999.

See also

* Printer steganography, used by some colour laser printers to add hidden encoded information to printouts
* Coded anti-piracy, an anti–copyright-infringement technology which marks each film print of a motion picture with distinguishing patterns of dots, used as a forensic identifier to identify the source of illegal copies

Notes

# Some currencies (marked ��/sup>) were replaced by the euro before the complete adoption of the EURion constellation.

References

Further reading

*

External links

The rules for currency image use
{dashCentral Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group (CBCDG)

Nieves, J.; Ruiz-Agundez, I. & Bringas, P. (2010), 'Recognizing Banknote Patterns for Protecting Economic Transactions''Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA), 2010 Workshop on', IEEE, 247–249.

Money forgery
Currency production
Banknotes
Watermarking
Hardware restrictions
Computer-related introductions in 1996
2002 neologisms