Operation Sophia, formally European Union Naval Force Mediterranean (EU NAVFOR Med), was a military operation of the European Union that was established as a consequence of the April 2015 Libya migrant shipwrecks with the aim of neutralising established refugee smuggling routes in the Mediterranean. The operational headquarters was located in Rome. The EU mandate for the operation ended on March 31, 2020. Operation Irini is the successor operation.

Establishment

A European Maritime Force operation to combat people smuggling and prevent loss of life in the Mediterranean stemmed from discussions in the European Council on 20 and 23 April 2015, culminating in the issuing of a Council decision on 18 May 2015 to establish a "European Union military operation in the Southern Central Mediterranean". Rear Admiral Enrico Credendino of the Italian Navy was appointed as operation commander. The Political and Security Committee appointed Italian Rear-Admiral Andrea Gueglio as force commander on 17 June 2015, and on 22 June 2015 the European Council approved the launching of EUNAVFOR Med, to take effect that day.

Name

On 24 August 2015, a pregnant Somali woman rescued from a refugee boat by gave birth to a child aboard the , the first child to ever be born aboard a ship of the German Navy. At the suggestion of the attending medical personnel, the child was named Sophia. This was a name associated with German naval ships named ''Schleswig-Holstein'', as the earlier destroyer had used the radio call sign "Sophie X". This was itself a reference to the early battleship , which had been dedicated to Princess Louise Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, as have later ships of the name. EUNAVFORMED was subsequently renamed "Operation Sophia", after the baby born aboard ''Schleswig-Holstein''.

Operation

The operation aims to undertake systematic efforts to identify, capture and dispose of vessels as well as enabling assets used or suspected of being used by migrant smugglers or traffickers. The Juncker Commission, in particular the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, views this operation as a fundamental contribution to fighting instability in the region and as a way to reduce the loss of lives at sea and increase the security of citizens of the European Union. Operation Sophia consisted of three phases: *The first phase focused on surveillance and assessment of human smuggling and trafficking networks in the Mediterranean. *The second stage of the operation provided for the search and, if necessary, diversion of suspicious vessels. *The third phase allowed the disposal of vessels and related assets, preferably before use, and to apprehend traffickers and smugglers. There was a common budget of 11.82 million euros for a 12 months period. In addition, military assets and personnel were provided by the contributing states with the running costs and personnel costs being met on a national basis. By 2016, more than 13,000 migrants had been rescued from the sea in the course of the operation. On 20 June 2016, the Council of the European Union extended Operation Sophia's mandate reinforcing it by adding two supporting tasks: training of the Libyan coastguards and navy, and contributing to the implementation of the UN arms embargo on the high seas off the coast of Libya. The length of the Operation could be continuously renewed by the Council. On 25 July 2017, the Council of the European Union again extended Operation Sophia's mandate, while also amending its mandate to: setting up a monitoring mechanism of trainees to ensure the long-term efficiency of the training of the Libyan Coastguard, conducting new surveillance activities and gather information on illegal trafficking of oil exports from Libya in accordance with UNSCR 2146 and 2362; and enhancing the possibilities for sharing information on human trafficking with member states' law enforcement agencies, FRONTEX and EUROPOL.

Assets

Military contributions from member states to the operation were voluntary at their own expense. However military operations were carried out under the joint command of the EU.

Ships

* Belgium Belgian frigate Leopold I (F930), ''Leopold I'' * Belgium Belgian frigate Louise-Marie (F931), ''Louise-Marie'' * France French patrol vessel L'Adroit, ''L'Adroit'' * France French frigate Aconit, ''Aconit'' * France French frigate Courbet, ''Courbet'' * France French aviso Commandant Birot (F796), ''Commandant Birot'' * France French aviso Commandant Blaison (F793), ''Commandant Blaison'' * France French aviso Commandant Bouan (F797), ''Commandant Bouan'' * France French aviso Commandant Ducuing (F795), ''Commandant Ducuing'' * France French aviso Commandant L'Herminier (F791), ''Commandant L'Herminier'' * France French aviso Enseigne de vaisseau Jacoubet, ''Enseigne de vaisseau Jacoubet'' * France French aviso Premier-Maître L'Her (F792), ''Premier-Maître L'Her'' * France French aviso Lieutenant de vaisseau Le Hénaff, ''Lieutenant de vaisseau Le Hénaff'' * Germany German frigate Augsburg (F213), ''Augsburg'' * Germany German frigate Karlsruhe (F212), ''Karlsruhe'' * Germany German frigate Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, ''Mecklenburg-Vorpommern'' * Germany German frigate Schleswig-Holstein, ''Schleswig-Holstein'' * Germany German frigate Sachsen, ''Sachsen'' * Germany German corvette Ludwigshafen am Rhein (F264), ''Ludwigshafen am Rhein'' * Germany German minehunter Datteln (M1068), ''Datteln'' * Germany German minehunter Weilheim (M1059), ''Weilheim'' * Germany German ship Main (A515), ''Main'' * Germany German ship Mosel (A512), ''Mosel'' * Germany German ship Rhein (A513), ''Rhein'' * Germany German ship Werra (A514), ''Werra'' * Germany German auxiliary Berlin (A1411), ''Berlin'' * Germany German auxiliary Frankfurt am Main (A1412), ''Frankfurt am Main'' * Italy aircraft carrier Italian aircraft carrier Cavour, ''Cavour'' * Italy aircraft carrier Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi, ''Giuseppe Garibaldi'' * Italy Italian ship San Giorgio, ''San Giorgio'' * Italy Italian ship San Giusto, ''San Giusto'' * Italy Italian ship San Marco (L9893), ''San Marco'' * Italy Italian frigate Zeffiro (F 577), ''Zeffiro'' * Italy FREMM multipurpose frigate Italian frigate Luigi Rizzo (F 595), ''Luigi Rizzo'' * Italy Italian ship Etna (A 5326), ''Etna'' * Netherlands landing platform dock HNLMS Rotterdam (L800), HNLMS ''Rotterdam'' * Republic of Ireland, Ireland LÉ Samuel Beckett (P61), LÉ ''Samuel Beckett'' * Republic of Ireland, Ireland LÉ James Joyce (P62), LÉ ''James Joyce'' * Republic of Ireland, Ireland LÉ Niamh (P52), LÉ ''Niamh'' * Slovenia Slovenian patrol boat Triglav, ''Triglav'' * Spain Spanish frigate Canarias, ''Canarias'' * Spain Spanish frigate Navarra, ''Navarra'' * Spain Spanish frigate Numancia, ''Numancia'' * Spain Spanish frigate Reina Sofía, ''Reina Sofía'' * Spain Spanish frigate Santa María, ''Santa María'' * Spain Spanish frigate Victoria, ''Victoria'' * Spain replenishment oiler Spanish oiler Cantabria, ''Cantabria'' * Spain Spanish patrol vessel Rayo (P-42), ''Rayo'' * UK Type 45 destroyer * UK Type 23 frigate * UK Echo-class survey ship (2002), ''Echo''-class survey ship * UK Echo-class survey ship (2002), ''Echo''-class survey ship * UK Bay-class landing ship, Bay-Class LSDA RFA Mounts Bay

Aircraft

* Belgium Aérospatiale Alouette III, Alouette III SA316B helicopter * France Breguet Atlantic, Atlantique 2 maritime patrol aircraft * France Dassault Falcon 50, Falcon 50 maritime patrol aircraft * France Eurocopter AS565 Panther, AS565 Panther helicopter * Germany Westland Lynx, Sea Lynx MK88 helicopter * Greece Embraer R-99, Erieye EMB-145H AEW&C command and control aircraft * Italy Two AgustaWestland AW101, EH101 helicopters * Italy Bell 212, T AB 212 ASW helicopter * Italy NHIndustries NH90, SH90 NFH helicopter * Luxembourg Two Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner, SW3 Merlin III maritime surveillance aircraft * Poland PZL M28 Skytruck, An-28B1R BRYZA maritime surveillance aircraft * Portugal Lockheed P-3 Orion, P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft * Spain Bell 212, AB 212 helicopter * Spain Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk, SH-60B LAMPS III helicopter * Spain Lockheed P-3 Orion, P-3M Orion maritime patrol aircraft * Spain CASA/IPTN CN-235, CN-235 VIGMA-D4 maritime surveillance aircraft * UK AgustaWestland AW101, AW101 (EH 101) Merlin MK 2 helicopter * UK AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat, AW159 Wildcat helicopter * UK Westland Lynx, Lynx MK 8 helicopter

Criticism

The UK's House of Lords has noted in a report that claims this kind of search-and-rescue operation acts as a ‘magnet to migrants and eases the task of smugglers, who would only need their vessels to reach the high seas’ had some validity. Also the Libyan coastguard has warned that the EU's "Operation Sophia" boosts migrant smuggling, explaining that "People, when they get rescued, call their friends to tell them that there are EU vessels only 20 miles from Libyan waters to save them." In July 2017, a House of Lords report claimed that the mission had been a failure, as it had managed neither to reduce deaths at sea or disrupt the smuggling network.

Completion

In January 2019, the mission was reduced. In February 2020 a new mission was planned to replace the previous one. On 31 March 2020 the new operation Operation Irini, EUNAVFOR MED Operation Irini was launched. In parallel, Operation Sophia permanently ceased its activities.

References

External links

EUNAVFOR MEDFactsheet EU navfor med
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sophia, Operation Naval operations of the European Union, Sophia 2015 in Italy 2015 in the European Union European migrant crisis Naval operations and battles Military history of the Mediterranean