ESCWA

The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia (ESCWA; ) is one of five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The role of the Commission is to promote economic and social development of Western Asia through regional and subregional cooperation and integration.

The Commission is composed of 21 member states, all from the regions of North Africa and the Middle East.

The Commission works closely with the divisions of the Headquarters in New York and United Nations specialized agencies, as well as with international and regional organizations. The League of Arab States, the Gulf Cooperation Council and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation are among its regional partners.

History

The Commission was first established by the United Nations Economic and Social Council on 9 August 1973 as the ''United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)''. The Commission was the successor to the ''United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut (UNESOB)'', which was absorbed into the framework of ECWA. Its main mandate was to "initiate and participate in measures for facilitating concerted action for the economic reconstruction and development of Western Asia."

On 26 July 1985, in recognition of the social component of its work, the Commission was renamed to the ''United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)'' by the Economic and Social Council.

Member states

The following are all member states of the Commission:

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Locations

The Commission's headquarters have been located in the Central District of Beirut, Lebanon, since 1997. Prior to this, the headquarters moved between multiple cites. The first headquarters of the Commission were located in Beirut from 1974 to 1982. They then moved to Baghdad, Iraq, from 1982 to 1991. Finally, they were located in Amman, Jordan, from 1991 to 1997 before moving back to Beirut.

Executive secretaries

The following is a list of the Executive Secretaries of the Commission since its foundation:

Funding

The budget of Commission comes mainly from contributions from the United Nations, but also from donations from governments, regional funds, private foundations and international development agencies. In 2017, the total budget of the Commission was US$27.4 million. Additionally, since 2014, the Commission has received $7.1 million in voluntary contributions to help implement national and regional activities.

The Commission has four main budgets: the regular budget, the regular programme of technical cooperation (RPTC), the development account and the extrabudgetary projects account:

# The ''regular budget'' line item is voted on by the United Nations General Assembly on a biennial basis and provides the Commission with resources fulfil its mandate as laid out in the Strategic Framework. In 2017, the regular budget for ESCWA was $19.9 million.
# The ''regular programme of technical cooperation'' line item works to support member states in formulating sustainable socioeconomic development policies. In 2017, the regular programme of technical cooperation budget for ESCWA was $2.3 million.
# The ''development account'' line item helps fund capacity building projects at national, subregional, regional and interregional levels. In 2017, the development account budget for ESCWA was $1.9 million.
# The ''extra budgetary projects'' line item supports economic and social development under the seven subprograms of the Commission: Economic Development and Integration, Gender and Women Issues, Governance and Conflict Issues, Natural Resources, Social Development, Statistics and Technology for Development. In 2017, the extra budgetary projects budget for ESCWA was $3.2 million.

Themes and programs

Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The ESCWA launched the ''Climate/SDGs Debt Swap–Donor Nexus Initiative'' in December 2020. It is directed at debt relief and at enhancing fiscal space of (middle-income) countries. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License This mechanism systematizes debt swaps, which allow creditors to convert debt-serving payments into domestic investments for indebted countries. Debtors thereby invest in climate or SDG-related programs, while creditors may claim higher amounts of official development assistance or climate finance without expanding their budgets.

Women in the judiciary system

In 2019, ESCWA reported regarding the situation of women in the judiciary system.ESCWA (2019
Women in the Judiciary in the Arab States: Removing Barriers, Increasing Numbers
United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, Beirut, Lebanon The report found that "the number of female judges has significantly increased in countries such as Jordan, Lebanon, the State of Palestine, Morocco and Tunisia". However, "women’s presence remains marginal in most other Arab States". At that time, two countries had not appointed female judges yet: Oman and Somalia.

Other countries which already had female judges were: Iraq (1959), Morocco (1961), Algeria (1962), Sudan (1965 or 1976), Lebanon and Tunisia (1966), Yemen (1971), Syria (1975), Palestine (1982), Libya (1991), Jordan (1996), Egypt (2003), Bahrain (2006), the United Arab Emirates (2008), Qatar (2010), Mauritania (2013), and Kuwait (2020). In June 2021, Egypt announced that female judges would take seats in Public Prosecution and State Council in October that year.

Controversies

Israel-Palestine report controversy

On 15 March 2017, UNESCWA released a report accusing Israel (not a UNESCWA member state) of being an " apartheid regime" due to Israel's relations with Palestinians both inside and outside Israel. The report was officially withdrawn and removed from UN websites after criticism from the Secretary-General who said it had been issued by ESCWA without approval.

The document was co-authored by Richard Falk, professor of International Law and Practice Emeritus at Princeton University and a former UN human rights investigator for the Palestinian territories, and Virginia Tilley, professor of Political Science at Southern Illinois University. It criticised Israel's law of return for Jews. Falk and Tilley wrote: "Israel defends its rejection of the Palestinians' return in frankly racist language: alleging that Palestinians constitute a 'demographic threat' and that their return would alter the demographic character of Israel to the point of eliminating it as a Jewish state".

Rima Khalaf, United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ESCWA, had said it was the first to accuse Israel of being a racist state which had established an apartheid system. The report itself said it had established on the "basis of scholarly inquiry and overwhelming evidence, that Israel is guilty of the crime of apartheid". Israel has condemned the report. "We expected of course that Israel and its allies would put huge pressure on the Secretary-General of the United Nations so that he would disavow the report, and that they would ask him to withdraw it," Khalaf said to AFP.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres distanced himself from the report and the document was removed from UN website on Friday, 17 March 2017. The report's Executive Summary was also deleted from the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL).

On 17 March, Khalaf submitted her letter of resignation to Guterres. Following the strong response from Israel, she wrote: "It is only normal for criminals to pressure and attack those who advocate the cause of their victims." She continued to stand by the report.

See also

* United Nations System
* United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (overlapping membership)

References

External links

Official website

{{DEFAULTSORT:United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
United Nations Development Group
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Organizations established in 1973
Development economics
Organisations based in Beirut
1973 establishments in Lebanon
International organisations based in Lebanon
Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the United Nations
Politics of Asia