Chernihiv
Chernihiv (, ; , ) is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Chernihiv's population is
The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine ...
located on the site of the Chernihiv Dytynets, the
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.
* was the first East Slavs, East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical At ...
-era fortified region of the city. It is a hill on the bank of the
Desna River
The Desna ( Russian and ) is a river in Russia and Ukraine, a major left-tributary of the Dnieper. Its name in means "right hand". It has a length of , and its drainage basin covers .Catherine's Church from the beginning of the 18th century is situated. With onion-shaped golden domes, it is one of the best examples of the
Ukrainian Baroque
Ukrainian Baroque (), also known as Cossack Baroque () or Mazepa Baroque, is an style (visual arts), artistic style that was widespread in Ukraine in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was the result of a combination of local traditions and Europea ...
.
History
The first fortifications were formed here in the 8th century on the site of a more ancient settlement. Chernihiv soon became one of the most significant cities, as evidenced by its mention under 907 in the '' Tale of Bygone Years''. In the agreement between Oleg and Byzantium, he is mentioned as the second most important after Kyiv.
Dytynets occupied the entire southwestern section of the cape (about 11 hectares). It was surrounded by an earthen rampart with a wooden wall and a deep moat, had three entrances: Vodiana, Kyivska and Pohorila Gates. Dytynets housed the princely court, rich estates of the wealthy nobility and the main cathedrals of the city. The fact that the Dytynets was built up to a large extent by stone structures, in addition to the Transfiguration Cathedral and the Boris and Gleb Cathedral, which were preserved to this day, is also evidenced by the remains of the princely courtyard of the 10th century, consisting of two stone towers from two to three floors, and its episcopal courtyard of the 12th century with stone wall and gate church. Pagan, and after the 10th century, Christian clergy enjoyed significant influence in the city. The pagan temple was probably located on the territory of the Dytynets, where at the beginning of the 17th century two silver idols were found. From the north and west, Okolny Grad adjoined the Dytynets—the most populated handicraft and trading part of Chernihiv, not inferior in area to the City of Yaroslav in Kyiv. It was surrounded by powerful walls after the battle of Listvy, when Chernihiv became the center of a vast principality. At the foot of the Dytynets on the river side was an extensive Chernihiv hem, part of which (probably the area of the ancient pier) was fortified with a shaft with wooden structures. The edges of the Desna and Stryzhen terraces were fairly densely built up.
In 12th century, the area of the Dytynets expanded significantly, which amounted to 16 ha. The original moat, which was located 70 m east of the Transfiguration Cathedral, was filled up and the Dytynets expanded eastward. At the same time, the border of Okolnoy Grad expanded to the east, the area of which reached 40 ha. On the west side, the Tretyak adjoined the Dytynets – an independent fortified section of the Okolny Grad with an area of 20 ha. To the north and west of Okolny Castle there was a vast Pisgorodor fortified with a stockade, rampart, and moat.
In October 1239, the city was burned by the hordes of Khan Mengu. The fortifications were strengthened by the
Grand Duke of Lithuania
This is a list of Lithuanian monarchs who ruled Lithuania from its inception until the fall of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1795. The Lithuanian monarch bore the title of Grand duke, Grand Duke, with the exception of Mindaugas, who was crown ...
Vytautas
Vytautas the Great (; 27 October 1430) was a ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was also the prince of Grodno (1370–1382), prince of Lutsk (1387–1389), and the postulated king of the Hussites.
In modern Lithuania, Vytautas is revere ...
in the 14th century. The city suffered great damage from the
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatars, Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783, the longest-lived of th ...
in 1482 and 1497.
In 1500, the lands of
Severia
Severia (, ; ) or Siveria ( / , ''Siveria'' / ''Sivershchyna'') is a historical region in present-day southwest Russia, northern Ukraine, and eastern Belarus. The largest part lies in modern Russia, while the central part of the region is the c ...
, along with
Chernigov
Chernihiv (, ; , ) is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Chernihiv's population is
The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukrain ...
, were seized by the
Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Principality of Moscow, or Muscovy, known as the Principality of Moscow until 1389, was a late medieval Russian monarchy. Its capital was the city of Moscow. Originally established as a minor principality in the 13th century, the gra ...
. During the 16th century, the city repeatedly became the object of Lithuanian-Polish attacks, but all of them were repulsed. Since the old fortifications fell into disrepair, in 1531, by decree of Grand Duke
Vasili III
Vasili III Ivanovich (; 25 March 14793 December 1533) was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1505 until his death in 1533. He was the son of Ivan III and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil (). Following on th ...
, the construction of a new wooden Kremlin kid's building with five high towers, a deep moat and an underground passage to the Strizhen River was completed by decree of the cape protruding to the side of the Desna. The armament in the fortress consisted of 27 guns, and its garrison numbered about 1000 people. Three years later, the fortress successfully withstood the Lithuanian siege. After a series of sieges during the
Livonian War
The Livonian War (1558–1583) concerned control of Terra Mariana, Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Denmark–Norway, Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom ...
, the injured Chernigov Dytynets were again rebuilt and strengthened in 1584–1592. The street from Pogoreloy (North) has become the main one. Administrative houses, barracks and an artillery yard were erected along it.
Chernihiv suffered Polish ruin during the
Time of Troubles
The Time of Troubles (), also known as Smuta (), was a period of political crisis in Tsardom of Russia, Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Feodor I of Russia, Feodor I, the last of the Rurikids, House of Rurik, and ended in 1613 wit ...
in 1611, when units of the Kyiv subcommittee Samuel Ermine tricked into the city and completely burned it.
After the
Khmelnytsky Uprising
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, also known as the Cossack–Polish War, Khmelnytsky insurrection, or the National Liberation War, was a Cossack uprisings, Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Poli ...
and the
Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
Armed conflicts between Poland (including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland) and Russia (including the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and the Principality of Moscow) include:
:
: ...
, the Chernihiv fortress became the administrative and political center of the Chernihiv regiment, while preserving the significance of the fortress at the same time. Here in the 17th century the house of Colonel Jacob Lizogub was built.
In the 18th century Dytynets built up with new buildings. The predominant element of the composition was the Chernihiv Collegium with a bell tower. In 1799 the fortress was liquidated. According to the new building plan of Chernigov, at the beginning of the 19th century, the ramparts of the fortress were partially excavated. In their place, a boulevard is broken. After 1845, a park called Val was founded on the site of Dytynets and the Chernihiv fortress. Two squares were created: Gymnasium and Cathedral.
Since 1964, the modern name of the park has been adopted – Central Park of Culture and Rest named after M. Kotsyubinsky, and the monuments on its territory became part of the National Chernihiv ancient architectural and historical reserve. One of the main attractions of the children is the cannons from the bastions of the Chernihiv fortress, donated by the legend to the city of Peter I. There are 12 guns in total.
Chernihiv
Chernihiv (, ; , ) is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Chernihiv's population is
The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine ...
, and one of the first in
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.
* was the first East Slavs, East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical At ...
.
* Church of Boris and Gleb – a brick church built during the reign of Prince David Svyatoslavovich of Chernihiv.
* Mazepa's house, or Lyzohub's house, later became the house of the Regiment Chancellery.
* Chernihiv Collegium is the first higher education institution on the left bank of Ukraine.
* The building of the Chernihiv Men's Gymnasium was built in 1804, one of the first educational institutions in the city of Chernihiv.
* The building of the Chernihiv Women's Gymnasium is now the Chernihiv Regional Art Museum
* Cast iron bastion guns – 12 pieces, cast in the XVIII century.
* The Archbishop's House is the first building in the city built in the style of classicism. Now the regional state archive.
* Monument to
Taras Shevchenko
Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (; ; 9 March 1814 – 10 March 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, folklorist, and ethnographer. He was a fellow of the Imperial Academy of Arts and a member of the Brotherhood o ...
.
* Monument to
Ivan Mazepa
Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (; ; ) was the Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host and the Left-bank Ukraine in 1687–1708. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired Cultural legacy of Mazeppa, many literary, artistic and musical works. He was ...
File:Church of Borisa&Gliba.jpg, Boris and Gleb Cathedral
File:House of Arxiepiskop 2.jpg, Archbishop's Residence
File:Collegium in Chernigiv XVIII c.jpg, Chernihiv Collegium
File:House Mazepa Ioan in Chernihiv.jpg, House of Lyzohub
File:Spasopreobrazh-cathedral-chernihiv.JPG, Saviour-Transfiguration Cathedral
File:Пушки на Валу (Чернигов).jpg, Cannon of 18th century on the shaft, with St. Catherine's Church in the background
File:The building of gymnasium for boys (Chernigov)..jpg, Chernihiv Regional Art Museum