dynasties

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,''Oxford English Dictionary'', "dynasty, ''n''." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897. usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others.

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200 - 539 BC), Ancient Egypt (3100 – 30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned.

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that follow the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names ''de jure'' through a female.

Dynastic politics has declined over time, owing to a decline in monarchy as a form of government, a rise in democracy, and a reduction within democracies of elected members from dynastic families.

Etymology

The word ''dynasty'' derives from Latin , which comes from Ancient Greek (), meaning 'power', 'dominion', and 'rule'. It was the abstract noun of (), the agent noun of () 'power' or 'ability', from () 'to be able'.Liddell & al.

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Terminology

The word "dynasty" is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team.

The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house",''Oxford English Dictionary'', "house, ''n.¹'' and ''int'', " Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011. which may be styled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", " ducal", "comital" or " baronial", depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members.

Dynast

A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication.

In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.

The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, is in the line of succession to the British crown; making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor.

Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant of King George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015.Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website
26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date). Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for the purpose of succession to the British throne. That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic.

Dynastic marriage

A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges. For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.

History

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200 – 539 BC), Ancient Egypt (3100 – 30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artifacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members.

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that follow the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names ''de jure'' through a female. For instance, the House of Windsor will be maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II, as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive queens regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal, who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza, per Portuguese law; in fact, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house was Queen Victoria and that was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. In Limpopo Province of South Africa, Balobedu determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.

Longevity

Dynasties lasting at least 250 years include the following. Legendary lineages that cannot be historically confirmed are not included.

Extant sovereign dynasties

There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state, of which 41 are ruled by dynasties. There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties.

Political families

Though in elected governments, rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in the elected positions of republics, and constitutional monarchies. Eminence, influence, tradition, genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon.

Family dictatorships are a different concept in which political power passes within a family because of the overwhelming authority of the leader, rather than informal power accrued to the family.

Influential wealthy families

Gallery

File:Karikala's Kallanai.jpg, Karikala, the Tamil King of Early Cholas, who built the ancient Kallanai Dam.
File:Song Taizu.jpg, Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu of Song) was the founder of the Song dynasty in China.
File:明太祖画像.jpg, Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) was the founder of the Ming dynasty in China.
File:Sukapha.jpg, Sukaphaa was the first King of the Ahom dynasty in Assam, India.
File:Babur of India.jpg, Babur, from the Timurid dynasty, was the first ruler of the Mughal Empire in India.
File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg, Suleiman the Magnificent, from the House of Osman, was the longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruling from 1520 until 1566.
File:ModernEgypt, Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, BAP 17996.jpg, Muhammad Ali Pasha, founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, ruled Egypt and Sudan from 1805 to 1848.
File:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in 1973.jpg, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, from the Pahlavi dynasty, was the last Shah of Iran, before the Iranian Revolution.
File:Peter der-Grosse 1838.jpg, Peter I, from the House of Romanov, was the first Russian monarch to rule as Emperor.
File:Constantine Palaiologos.jpg, Constantine XI Palaiologos, from the Palaiologos dynasty, was the final monarch of the Byzantine Empire.
File:Pedro II of Brazil by Rugendas 1846 original.jpg, Pedro II, from the House of Braganza, ruled Brazil from 1831 to 1889.
File:Kingdavidkalakaua dust.jpg, Kalākaua, founder of the House of Kalākaua, was the penultimate sovereign ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
File:Emperor Higashiyama.jpg, Asahito (Emperor Higashiyama), from the House of Yamato, was the 113th Japanese Emperor.
File:Mutsuhito-Emperor-Meiji-1873.png, Emperor Meiji, from the House of Yamato, was the 122nd Japanese Emperor.
File:Christian I of Denmark, Norway & Sweden 1440s.jpg, Christian I, from the House of Oldenburg, served as King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg, Aisin Gioro Xuanye (Kangxi Emperor), of the Qing dynasty, was the longest reigning Emperor of China.
File:Mohammadshah (01).jpg, Mohammad Shah Qajar, from the Qajar dynasty, was King of Persia.
File:King Taejo Yi 02.jpg, Yi Seong-gye (Taejo of Joseon) ruled Korea from 1392 to 1398, as the first King of the Joseon dynasty.
File:Nicholas I of Montenegro, 1909.jpg, Nikola I, from the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty, ruled Montenegro from 1860 to 1918.
File:Emperor Thanh Thai.jpg, Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân (Emperor Thành Thái), from the Nguyễn dynasty, was Emperor of Vietnam from 1889 to 1907.
File:Ahmed al Mansur.jpg, Ahmad al-Mansur, from the Saadi dynasty, was the Sultan of Morocco from 1578 to 1603.
File:Louis XIV of France.jpg, Louis XIV, from the House of Bourbon, reigned as King of France from 1643 to 1715.
File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg, Napoleon I, from the House of Bonaparte, ruled over France and Italy.
File:Konbang-Thibaw.jpg, Thibaw Min was the last monarch of the Konbaung dynasty in Myanmar.
File:After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg, Henry VIII, from the House of Tudor, reigned as King of England and Ireland from 1509 to 1547.
File:Circle of William Scrots Edward VI of England.jpg, Edward VI, from the House of Tudor, reigned as King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553.
File:Elizabeth I (Armada Portrait).jpg, Elizabeth I, from the House of Tudor, reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603.
File:Ranavalona I.jpg, Ranavalona I, from the Hova dynasty, was Queen Regnant of Madagascar from 1828 to 1861.
File:King Sho Tai.jpg, Shō Tai, from the Second Shō dynasty, was the final sovereign ruler of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
File:Shah-Zaman-Khan.jpg, Zaman Shah Durrani, from the Durrani dynasty, ruled Afghanistan from 1793 to 1800.
File:Wanggiyan Aguda.jpg, Wanyan Aguda (Emperor Taizu of Jin) was the progenitor of the Jin dynasty in China.
File:Trần Anh Tông TLĐSXSĐ.jpg, Trần Thuyên (Emperor Trần Anh Tông), from the Trần dynasty, ruled Vietnam from 1293 to 1314.
File:Prinz Otto von Bayern Koenig von Griechenland 1833.jpg, Otto I, from the House of Wittelsbach, was King of Greece from 1832 to 1862.
File:Tamar, fresco of Vardzia.jpg, Tamar from the Bagrationi dynasty, was Queen Regnant of Georgia.
File:YuanEmperorAlbumQaishanKulugPortrait.jpg, Khayishan (Külüg Khan and Emperor Wuzong of Yuan) was the seventh Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the third Emperor of the Yuan dynasty in China.
File:MilanIDeSerbia--dasknigreichse03kaniuoft.jpg, Milan I from the Obrenović dynasty, ruled Serbia from 1868 to 1889.
File:Agustin de Iturbide Oleo Primitivo Miranda.png, Agustín I was the first and only Mexican Emperor from the House of Iturbide.
File:Zygmunt Waza Soutman.jpg, Sigismund III from the House of Vasa, was monarch of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland.
File:Pietro Liberi or Guido Cagnacci (attr.) - Emperor Leopold I in coronation armor.jpg, Leopold I, from the House of Habsburg, was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia.
File:King Kongmin of Koryo.jpg, Wang Jeon (King Gongmin) ruled Korea from 1351 to 1374 as King of Goryeo.
File:Friedrich ii campenhausen.jpg, Frederick the Great, from the House of Hohenzollern, was the King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786.
File:Kaiser Wilhelm I. .JPG, Wilhelm I, from the House of Hohenzollern, was the first German Emperor.
File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg, Victor Emmanuel II, from the House of Savoy, was the first King of Italy.
File:Giedymin.PNG, Gediminas, King of Lithuania, started the Gediminids dynasty in 1315.

See also

* Cadet branch
* Commonwealth realm
* Conquest dynasty
* Dynastic cycle
* Dynastic order
* Dynastic union
* Elective monarchy
* Family seat
* Heads of former ruling families
* Hereditary monarchy
* Iranian Intermezzo
* List of current constituent monarchs
* List of current monarchies
* List of current monarchs of sovereign states
* List of dynasties
* List of empires
* List of family trees
* List of kingdoms and royal dynasties
* List of largest empires
* List of monarchies
* List of noble houses
* Non-sovereign monarchy
* Realm
* Royal family
* Royal household
* Royal intermarriage
* Self-proclaimed monarchy

Notes

References

{{Authority control

Monarchy

History-related lists