Durandal
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Durendal, also spelled Durandal, is the sword of
Roland Roland (; ; or ''Rotholandus''; or ''Rolando''; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. The historical Roland was mil ...
, a legendary
paladin The Paladins, also called the Twelve Peers (), are twelve legendary knights, the foremost members of Charlemagne's court in the 8th century. They first appear in the medieval (12th century) ''chanson de geste'' cycle of the Matter of France, wh ...
and partially historical officer of
Charlemagne Charlemagne ( ; 2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was List of Frankish kings, King of the Franks from 768, List of kings of the Lombards, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian ...
in French epic literature. The sword is famous for its hardness and sharpness. Sources including '' La Chanson de Roland'' (''The Song of Roland'') state that it first belonged to the young Charlemagne. According to one legend, at the end of the Battle of Roncevaux Roland hurled the sword from him to prevent its being seized by the
Saracen upright 1.5, Late 15th-century German woodcut depicting Saracens ''Saracen'' ( ) was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Rom ...
s, and it came to rest in Rocamadour. A replica sword that was embedded in a rock face there was reported stolen in June 2024.


Etymology

The name ''Durendal'' arguably begins with the French ''dur-'' stem, meaning "hard", though "enduring" may be the intended meaning. Rita Lejeune argues that the name may break down into + , which may be rendered in English as "strong scythe" or explained in more detail to mean "a scimitar or scythe that holds up, resists, endures".
Gerhard Rohlfs Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist. He taught Romance languages and literature at the universities in Tübingen and Munich. He was described as an "archeologist of words". Biography Rohlfs was born i ...
suggests + , "strong flame" or " flameburns strongly from it". The '' Pseudo-Turpin'' explains that the name "'Durendal' is interpreted to mean
hat A hat is a Headgear, head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorpor ...
it gives a hard strike" (). It has been argued that the ''Pseudo-Turpin'' offering a gloss of the meaning constitutes evidence that it was a name that was not readily understood in French. One non-French etymology is Edwin B. Place's attempt to construe it in Breton as , meaning "blade
hat A hat is a Headgear, head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorpor ...
dulls cutting edge" or "blade
hat A hat is a Headgear, head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorpor ...
blinds". Another is James A. Bellamy's
Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
etymology, explaining a possible origin of the sword's name in (), meaning "master of stone".


Properties

According to legend, the sword was capable of cutting through giant boulders with a single strike, and was indestructible.


In the ''Chanson de Roland''

In '' La Chanson de Roland'' (''The Song of Roland''), the sword is said to contain within its golden hilt a tooth of
Saint Peter Saint Peter (born Shimon Bar Yonah; 1 BC – AD 64/68), also known as Peter the Apostle, Simon Peter, Simeon, Simon, or Cephas, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus and one of the first leaders of the Jewish Christian#Jerusalem ekklēsia, e ...
, blood of
Basil of Caesarea Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (330 – 1 or 2 January 379) was an early Roman Christian prelate who served as Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death in 379. He was an influential theologian who suppor ...
, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of
Mary, mother of Jesus Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under titles of Mary, mother of Jesus, various titles such as Perpetual virginity ...
., laisse CLXXIII According to legend as recounted in the poem, at the
Battle of Roncevaux Pass The Battle of Roncevaux Pass ( French and English spelling, '' Roncesvalles'' in Spanish, ''Orreaga'' in Basque) in 778 saw a large force of Basques ambush a part of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux Pass, a high mountain pass in the Pyrenees on ...
Roland took the rearguard to hold off
Saracen upright 1.5, Late 15th-century German woodcut depicting Saracens ''Saracen'' ( ) was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Rom ...
troops long enough for Charlemagne's army to retreat into France. He slew a vast number of enemies: wielding Durendal, he sliced the right arm of the Saracen king Marsile, decapitated the king's son Jursaleu or Jurfaleu and put the one-hundred-thousand-strong army to flight. His mission accomplished, Roland then attempted to destroy Durendal by hitting it against blocks of marble, to prevent it from being captured by the Saracens, but the sword proved to be indestructible. Finally, mortally wounded, he hid it beneath his body as he lay dying along with the oliphant, the horn he had used to alert Charlemagne.


In Spanish tradition

In Spanish Carolingian literature, "Durandarte" refers both to the sword and to a companion of Roland, famous for his relationship with the lady Belerma.


Origins and previous ownership

The sword has been given various provenances. Several of the works of the
Matter of France The Matter of France (), also known as the Carolingian cycle, is a body of medieval literature and legendary material associated with the history of France, in particular involving Charlemagne and the Paladins. The cycle springs from the Old Fr ...
agree that it was forged by Wayland the Smith, who is commonly cited as a maker of weapons in
chivalric romance As a literary genre, the chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the noble courts of high medieval and early modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a chivalri ...
s. According to ''La Chanson de Roland'', an angel brought Durendal to Charlemagne in the vale of Moriane, and Charlemagne then gave it to Roland. According to the 12th-century fragmentary ''
chanson de geste The , from 'deeds, actions accomplished') is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poetry, epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late 11th and early 12th centuries, shortly ...
'' known as ''Mainet'' (referring to the pseudonym that Charlemagne adopted in his youth), Durendal was once captured, but not kept, by the young Charlemagne when he fled to Spain. Young Charles (Mainés in the text) slays Braimant, obtaining his sword (Durendaus). This tale is better preserved in some non-''chanson de geste'' texts, and in adaptations such as the Franco-Italian ''Karleto''. According to the Low-German version ''Karl Mainet'', the place of combat was near the vale of Moriane (Vael Moriale), near Toledo. According to another 12th-century ''chanson de geste'', the ''Song of Aspremont'', the owner of Durendal just before Roland obtained it was a Saracen named Aumon, son of king Agolant,. Young Roland mounted Naimes's horse Morel without permission, and armed only with a rod, defeated Aumon, taking as spoils both the sword and the horse
Veillantif Veillantif (French language, French), Vielantiu (Old French); Vegliantin, Vegliantino or Brigliadoro (Italian language, Italian) is the name of Roland the paladin's trustworthy and swift wikt:steed#Noun, steed in the stories derived from the '' ...
. These materials were combined in the Italian prose ''Aspramonte'' by
Andrea da Barberino Andrea Mangiabotti,Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink, eds. ''Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Âge''. Collection: La Pochothèque (Paris: Fayard, 1992. ), pp. 62–63. called Andrea da Barberino ( 1370–1431''The Cambridge History ...
in the late 14th to early 15th century. That work stated that after young Carlo (Charlemagne) came into possession of Durindarda (Durendal) by killing Bramante in Spain, Galafro gave it to Galiziella, who then gave it to Almonte the son of Agolante (i.e., ). Galiziella is glossed as the bastard daughter of Agolante, making her Almonte's half-sister. Durindana is eventually won by Orlandino (young Orlando). Andrea da Barberino was a major source for later Italian writers. Boiardo's ''
Orlando innamorato ''Orlando Innamorato'' (; known in English language, English as "''Orlando in Love''"; in Italian language, Italian titled "''Orlando innamorato''" as the "I" is never capitalized) is an epic poem written by the Italian Renaissance author Matte ...
'' traces the sword's origin to
Hector In Greek mythology, Hector (; , ) was a Trojan prince, a hero and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War. He is a major character in Homer's ''Iliad'', where he leads the Trojans and their allies in the defense of Troy, killing c ...
of
Troy Troy (/; ; ) or Ilion (; ) was an ancient city located in present-day Hisarlik, Turkey. It is best known as the setting for the Greek mythology, Greek myth of the Trojan War. The archaeological site is open to the public as a tourist destina ...
; it belonged for a while to the Amazonian queen Pantasilea, and was passed down to Almonte before Orlando gained possession of it.
Ludovico Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto (, ; ; 8 September 1474 – 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic '' Orlando Furioso'' (1516). The poem, a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's ''Orlando Innamorato'', describ ...
's ''
Orlando Furioso ''Orlando furioso'' (; ''The Frenzy of Orlando'') is an Italian epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto which has exerted a wide influence on later culture. The earliest version appeared in 1516, although the poem was not published in its complete form ...
'' follows Boiardo, saying it once belonged to Hector of Troy, but that it was given to Roland by Malagigi (
Maugris Maugris or Maugis was one of the heroes of the ''chansons de geste'' and romances of chivalry and the Matter of France that tell of the legendary court of King Charlemagne. Maugis was cousin to Renaud de Montauban and his brothers, son of Beuve ...
).


Local lore

Tradition has it that Roland's Breach in the
Pyrenees The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. They extend nearly from their union with the Cantabrian Mountains to Cap de Creus on the Mediterranean coast, reaching a maximum elevation of at the peak of Aneto. ...
was created when Roland, attempting to break Durendal, instead cut a huge gash in the mountainside with one blow. A similar legend is used to explain a notch in the peak of Puig Campana in the
Province of Alicante Alicante (, , ; ; ; officially: / ) is a province located in eastern Spain, in the southern part of the Valencian Community. It is the second most populated Valencian province, containing the second and third biggest cities in the Valencian Co ...
, Spain. In Rocamadour, in the Lot department, a local legend holds that instead of dying with Durendal hidden under his body, Roland called on the
Archangel Michael Michael, also called Saint Michael the Archangel, Archangel Michael and Saint Michael the Taxiarch is an archangel and the warrior of God in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in third- and second ...
for assistance and was able to throw the sword several hundred kilometres across the border into France, where it came to rest in Rocamadour. There it was deposited in the chapel of Mary, but was stolen by
Henry the Young King Henry the Young King (28 February 1155 – 11 June 1183) was the eldest son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine to survive childhood. In 1170, he became titular King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and Maine. Henry th ...
in 1183. Successive replicas have been stolen; most recently a sword fashioned from sheet metal was embedded in a cleft in a cliff wall, secured with a chain. That sword was reported stolen in June 2024.


In popular culture

Durandal is the name of an artificial intelligence in the '' Marathon Trilogy'' by
Bungie Bungie, Inc. is an American video game company based in Bellevue, Washington, and a subsidiary of Sony Interactive Entertainment. The company was established in May 1991 by Alex Seropian, who later brought in programmer Jason Jones (programme ...
. Appearing first in ''
Marathon The marathon is a long-distance foot race with a distance of kilometres ( 26 mi 385 yd), usually run as a road race, but the distance can be covered on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy. There ...
'', Durandal was initially introduced as an antagonist, his self-awareness causing him to collude with the enemy Pfhor when the player attempts to disable his access to important systems pertaining to the UESC ''Marathon''. Beginning in '' Marathon 2: Durandal'', the eponymous artificial intelligence becomes an ally with the player and the S'pht, a slave race of the Pfhor that was freed in the previous game, as he believes the S'pht homeworld of Lh'owon can give him insight into escaping the ultimate death of the universe and become a god like the Jjaro, a race of advanced extraterrestrials that have since disappeared. In the final installment, '' Marathon Infinity'', as a consequence of the reality hopping abilities of both the technology of the Jjaro and the W'rkncacnter, an eldritch being once imprisoned within the sun of the S'pht System that was freed when the Pfhor destroyed the sun, Durandal can serve as either an ally or an enemy to the player. A sword named Durendal appears in a number of fantasy video games. In '' Final Fantasy Legend III'' (1991) it's one of four mystic swords (its name shortened to 'Durend' due to character limitations). In the ''
Super Sentai The is a Japanese superhero team media franchise consisting of television series and films produced by Toei Company and Bandai, and aired by TV Asahi. The shows are of the '' tokusatsu'' genre, featuring live action characters and colorfu ...
'' series '' Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger'' (1992). the monster Dora Knight wields a magic sword called Durandal. In the ''
Fire Emblem is a Video games in Japan, Japanese fantasy tactical role-playing game franchise developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. First produced and published for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990, the series currently con ...
'' videogame series, Durandal is the name of the legendary claymore sword wielded by one of the characters. Durandal is the name of a character in '' Honkai Impact 3rd''; her namesake is the super-AI Holy Blade Durandal, which takes the form of a sword. In '' Library of Ruina'' (2020), Durandal is the signature weapon of Roland, one of the main protagonists. A sword named Durandal is in '' Chained Echoes'' (2022), as well as a lesser known game, Days Bygone. In ''
Terraria ''Terraria'' ( ) is a 2011 action-adventure sandbox game developed by Re-Logic and published by 505 Games. The game features exploration, combat, crafting, building, and mining inside a procedurally generated 2D computer graphics, 2D world. ...
'', Durendal is a weapon that the player is able to craft, but it's a whip rather than a sword. Durendal is the name of a spaceship in ''
Xenosaga ''Xenosaga'' is a role-playing video game series developed by Monolith Soft and primarily published by Namco. Forming part of the wider ''Xeno (series), Xeno'' metaseries, ''Xenosaga'' is set in a science fiction universe and follows a group of ch ...
'' and of an organization in '' Front Mission 4''. The name also appears in '' Fate/Grand Order'' (2015). A sword named Durendal also appears in literature. In the xianxia-inspired series of novels ''The Godking's Legacy'' by author Virlyce, Durandal is the name of one of the main characters, a sentient sword that previously belonged to the legendary warrior-mage Roland. In ''
The Dresden Files ''The Dresden Files'' is a series of contemporary fantasy/Mystery fiction, mystery novels written by American author Jim Butcher. The first novel, ''Storm Front (The Dresden Files), Storm Front''—which was also Butcher's writing debut—was p ...
'' book series, Durendal is one of three powerful swords and is linked to the emotion of hope. In the light novel and anime series ''
High School DxD is a Japanese light novel series written by Ichiei Ishibumi and illustrated by Miyama-Zero. The story centers on Issei Hyodo, a lascivious high school student from Kuoh Academy who desires to be a harem king and is killed by h ...
'', the historical Durandal that was first used by Roland is wielded by a current character. Durandel is used as a name, although not of a sword, in the anime series
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED is an anime series developed by Sunrise and directed by Mitsuo Fukuda. The ninth installment in the ''Gundam'' franchise, ''Gundam SEED'' takes place in a future calendar era, in this case the Cosmic Era. In this era, mankind has devel ...
, '' Macross Frontier'', and '' Space Battleship Tiramisu'', and in the live-action
tokusatsu is a Japanese term for live-action films or television programs that make heavy use of practical special effects. Credited to special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya, ''tokusatsu'' mainly refers to science fiction film, science fiction, War fi ...
series '' Kamen Rider Saber'' (2020) and the spinoff '' Kamen Rider Sabela & Durendal'' (2022).


Explanatory notes


References


Citations


General bibliography


Primary sources

* * ; volum
2
(1921). * * * * * * * *


Secondary sources

* * * {{Matter of France Medieval European swords Mythological swords The Song of Roland Matter of France Lost objects Henry the Young King