Duolu (

Wade–Giles Wade–Giles ( ) is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from the system produced by Thomas Francis Wade during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert Giles's '' A Chinese–English Dictionary'' ...

: To-lu; c. 603-651 as a minimum) was a tribal confederation in the Western Turkic Khaganate (c. 581-659). The Turgesh Khaganate (699-766) may have been founded by Duolu remnants. There existed several Chinese transcriptions 咄陸 (

Middle Chinese Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese language, Chinese recorded in the ''Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expande ...

*''tuɑt̚-lɨuk̚'' >

Mandarin Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to: Language * Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country ** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China ** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...

''Duōlù''), 咄六 (MC. *''tuɑt̚-lɨuk̚'' > Mand. ''Duōliù''), 都陸 (MC. *''tuo-lɨuk̚'' > Mand. ''Dōulù''), 都六 (MC. ''tuo-lɨuk̚'' > Mand. ''Duōliù''). The

Old Turkic Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Kh ...

name behind those has been reconstructed, variously and with uncertainty, as *''Tör-ok'', *''Turuk'', *''Tuğluq'', ''Tölük'', ''Türük'', and most recently ''Tuğluğ'' (𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰍) "have flags, have standards".Kenzheahmet. p. 302-304 There is confusion, or possibly connection, with the earlier Onogurs which also means 'ten tribes'. Additionally, Duolu's relation to the Dulo clan of the

Bulgars The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic peoples, Turkic Nomad, semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between the 5th and 7th centu ...

is possible, but not proven. Initially, Western Turks might have organized themselves into eight tribes, consistent with statements by Syriac and Greek authors: John of Ephesus mentioned eight rulers of the Turks besides Istämi; and Menander Protector mentioned that at Istämi's death, the Western Turkic realm was divided into eight parts. Later on, two Nushibi tribes, Axijie and Geshu, reformed themselves, each sub-divided into two sub-tribes, bringing the total number to ten. Therefore, Western Turks were also called the ''Onoq'' or 'ten arrows', that is 'ten tribes', five led the Duolu chors (''chuo'' 啜) and five by the Nushibi (''sijin'' 俟斤). They lived between Lake Balkash and the

Tian Shan The Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, meaning the "Mountains of God/Heaven", is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia. The highest peak is Jengish Chokusu at high and located in Kyrgyzstan. Its lowest point is ...

Mountains. Their western neighbor was the Nushibi confederation which extended west to the

Syr Darya The Syr Darya ( ),; ; ; ; ; /. historically known as the Jaxartes ( , ), is a river in Central Asia. The name, which is Persian language, Persian, literally means ''Syr Sea'' or ''Syr River''. It originates in the Tian Shan, Tian Shan Mountain ...

and southward. The boundary between the two was around the Ili River and the Chu River, that is, near a line running south from the southwest corner of Lake Balkash. The Nushibi had connections southwest with the literate

Sogdia Sogdia () or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian peoples, Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Sogdiana was also a province of the Achaemen ...

n merchants. The Duolu were probably more pastoral. Rivers running down from the Tianshan supported agriculture and towns and thus a natural caravan route. The Duolu presumably taxed these people. The West Turkic Khagans had a sort of capital at Suyab near the Duolu-Nushibi boundary. From at least the time of Heshana Khagan (603) new Khagans were usually supported by either the Duolu or Nushibi faction. In 638 there was a separation of the two factions along the Ili River. Chinese sources (

Old Book of Tang The ''Old Book of Tang'', or simply the ''Book of Tang'', is the first classic historical work about the Tang dynasty, comprising 200 chapters, and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories. Originally compiled during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdo ...

Tongdian The ''Tongdian'' () is a Chinese institutional history and encyclopedia text. It covers a panoply of topics from high antiquity through the year 756, whereas a quarter of the book focuses on the Tang dynasty. The book was written by Du You from ...

) record of Duolu tribal names & titles:

Notes

References

Sources

* * * * * Yuri Bregel, Historical Atlas of Central Asia, 2003, maps 7 and 8, with text. * *

Vol. 199
*

Vol. 194B
* Golden, Peter B., �
Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz
��, ''Turkic Languages'', 16/2 (2012). pp. 155–199 * * * * Klyashtorny S.G. (1986). "Genealogiya i khronologiya zapadno-tyurkskikh i tyurgeshskikh kaganov VI–VIII vekov." In ''Iz istorii dorevolyutsionnogo Kirgizstana''. Frunze: Ilim, pp. 164–170. * Vladimir Tishin (2018)
"Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification"
* Yury Zuev. ''Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8-10th centuries)'', Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, pp. 93–139 (In Russian) * Yury Zuev, ''Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002 (in Russian) * Yury Zuev. ''The strongest tribe'', p. 32-61, Almaty, 2004 (in Russian) {{Turkic peoples Western Turkic Khaganate Turkic peoples of Asia Medieval history of Kazakhstan History of Xinjiang

See also

Notes

References

Sources