Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet (; 31 July 1901 – 12 May 1985) was a French

painter Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...

and

sculptor Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...

of the

École de Paris The School of Paris (, ) refers to the French and émigré artists who worked in Paris in the first half of the 20th century. The School of Paris was not a single art movement or institution, but refers to the importance of Paris as a centre o ...

(

School of Paris The School of Paris (, ) refers to the French and émigré artists who worked in Paris in the first half of the 20th century. The School of Paris was not a single art movement or institution, but refers to the importance of Paris as a centre o ...

). His idealistic approach to aesthetics embraced so-called "low art" and eschewed traditional standards of beauty in favor of what he believed to be a more authentic and humanistic approach to image-making. He is perhaps best known for founding the art movement

art brut Art Brut is an English indie rock band. Their debut album, '' Bang Bang Rock & Roll'', was released on 30 May 2005, with its follow up, ''It's a Bit Complicated'', released on 25 June 2007. Named after French painter Jean Dubuffet's definition ...

, and for the collection of works—''Collection de l'art brut''—that this movement spawned. Dubuffet enjoyed a prolific art career, both in France and in America, and was featured in many exhibitions throughout his lifetime.

Early life

Dubuffet was born in

Le Havre Le Havre is a major port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy (administrative region), Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the Seine, river Seine on the English Channel, Channe ...

to a family of wholesale wine merchants who were part of the wealthy bourgeoisie. His childhood friends included the writers

Raymond Queneau Raymond Auguste Queneau (; ; 21 February 1903 – 25 October 1976) was a French novelist, poet, critic, editor and co-founder and president of Oulipo (), notable for his wit and cynical humour. Biography Queneau, the only child of Auguste Que ...

and Georges Limbour. He moved to Paris in 1918 to study painting at the

Académie Julian The () was a private art school for painting and sculpture founded in Paris, France, in 1867 by French painter and teacher Rodolphe Julian (1839–1907). The school was active from 1868 through 1968. It remained famous for the number and qual ...

, becoming close friends with the artists

Juan Gris José Victoriano González-Pérez (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (; ), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic g ...

André Masson André-Aimé-René Masson (; 4 January 1896 – 28 October 1987) was a French artist. Biography Masson was born in Balagny-sur-Thérain, Oise, but when he was eight his father's work took the family first briefly to Lille and then to Brus ...

, and

Fernand Léger Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painting, painter, sculpture, sculptor, and film director, filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually ...

. Six months later, upon finding academic training to be distasteful, he left the Académie to study independently.Selz, Peter. ''The Work of Jean Dubuffet, with Texts by the Artist''. New York: New York Museum of Modern Art, 1962. Print. During this time, Dubuffet developed many other interests, including free

noise music Noise music is a genre of music that is characterised by the expressive use of noise. This type of music tends to challenge the distinction that is made in conventional musical practices between musical and non-musical sound. Noise music include ...

, poetry, and the study of ancient and modern languages. Dubuffet also traveled to Italy and Brazil, and upon returning to Le Havre in 1925, he married for the first time and went on to start a small wine business in Paris. He took up painting again in 1934 when he made a large series of portraits in which he emphasized the vogues in art history. But again he stopped, developing his wine business at

Bercy Bercy () is a neighbourhood in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France, the city's 47th administrative neighbourhood. History Some of the oldest vestiges of human occupation in Paris were found on the territory of Bercy, dating from the late N ...

during the

German Occupation of France The Military Administration in France (; ) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called ' was established in June 19 ...

. Years later, in an autobiographical text, he boasted about having made substantial profits by supplying wine to the

Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...

Early work

In 1942, Dubuffet decided to devote himself again to art. He often chose subjects for his works from everyday life, such as people sitting in the

Paris Métro The Paris Métro (, , or , ), short for Métropolitain (), is a rapid transit system serving the Paris metropolitan area in France. A symbol of the city, it is known for its density within the capital's territorial limits, uniform architectur ...

or walking in the country. Dubuffet painted with strong, unbroken colors, recalling the palette of

Fauvism Fauvism ( ) is a style of painting and an art movement that emerged in France at the beginning of the 20th century. It was the style of (, ''the wild beasts''), a group of modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong col ...

, as well as the Brucke painters, with their juxtaposing and discordant patches of color. Many of his works featured an individual or individuals placed in a very cramped space, which had a distinct psychological impact on viewers. In 1943, the writer George Limbour, a friend of Dubuffet from childhood, took

Jean Paulhan Jean Paulhan (2 December 1884 – 9 October 1968) was a French writer, literary critic and publisher, director of the literary magazine '' Nouvelle Revue Française'' (NRF) from 1925 to 1940 and from 1946 to 1968. He was a member (Seat 6, 1963– ...

to the artist's studio. Dubuffet's work at that time was unknown. Paulhan was impressed and the meeting proved to be a turning point for Dubuffet. His first solo show came in October 1944, at the Galerie Rene Drouin in Paris. This marked Dubuffet's third attempt to become an established artist. In 1945, Dubuffet attended and was strongly impressed by a show in Paris of

Jean Fautrier Jean Fautrier (; May 16, 1898 – July 21, 1964) was a French painter, illustrator, printmaker, and sculptor. He was one of the most important practitioners of Tachisme. Early life Jean Fautrier was born in Paris in 1898. He was given his unwed ...

's paintings in which he recognized meaningful art which expressed directly and purely the depth of a person. Emulating Fautrier, Dubuffet started to use thick oil paint mixed with materials such as mud, sand, coal dust, pebbles, pieces of glass, string, straw, plaster, gravel, cement, and tar. This allowed him to abandon the traditional method of applying oil paint to canvas with a brush; instead, Dubuffet created a paste into which he could create physical marks, such as scratches and slash marks. The impasto technique of mixing and applying paint was best manifested in Dubuffet's series 'Hautes Pâtes' or Thick Impastoes, which he exhibited at his second major exhibition, entitled ''Microbolus Macadam & Cie/Hautes Pates'' in 1946 at the Galérie René Drouin. His use of crude materials and the irony that he infused into many of his works incited a significant amount of backlash from critics, who accused Dubuffet of 'anarchy' and 'scraping the dustbin'. He did receive some positive feedback as well—

Clement Greenberg Clement Greenberg () (January 16, 1909 – May 7, 1994), occasionally writing under the pseudonym K. Hardesh, was an American essayist known mainly as an art critic closely associated with American modern art of the mid-20th century and a formali ...

took notice of Dubuffet's work and wrote that ' om a distance, Dubuffet seems the most original painter to have come out of the School of Paris since Miro...' Greenberg went on to say that 'Dubuffet is perhaps the one new painter of real importance to have appeared on the scene in Paris in the last decade.' Indeed, Dubuffet was very prolific in the United States in the year following his first exhibition in New York (1951). After 1946, Dubuffet started a series of portraits, with his own friends

Henri Michaux Henri Michaux (; 24 May 1899 – 19 October 1984) was a Belgian-born French poet, writer and painter. Michaux is renowned for his strange, highly original poetry and prose, and also for his art: the Paris Museum of Modern Art and the Guggenhei ...

Francis Ponge Francis Jean Gaston Alfred Ponge (; 27 March 1899 – 6 August 1988) was a French poet. He developed a form of prose poem, minutely examining everyday objects. He was the third recipient of the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1974. ...

, George Limbour,

and

Pierre Matisse Pierre Matisse (June 13, 1900 – August 10, 1989) was a French-American art dealer active in New York City. He was the youngest child of French painter Henri Matisse. Background and early years Pierre Matisse was born in Bohain-en-Vermandois on ...

serving as 'models'. He painted these portraits in the same thick materials, and in a manner deliberately anti-psychological and anti-personal, as Dubuffet expressed himself. A few years later he approached the surrealist group in 1948, then the College of Pataphysique in 1954. He was friendly with the French playwright, actor and theater director

Antonin Artaud Antoine Maria Joseph Paul Artaud (; ; 4September 18964March 1948), better known as Antonin Artaud, was a French artist who worked across a variety of media. He is best known for his writings, as well as his work in the theatre and cinema. Widely ...

, he admired and supported the writer

Louis-Ferdinand Céline Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), better known by the pen name Louis-Ferdinand Céline ( ; ), was a French novelist, polemicist, and physician. His first novel '' Journey to the End of the Night'' (1932) won the ' ...

and was strongly connected with the artistic circle around the surrealist

. In 1944 he started an important relationship with the resistance-fighter and French writer and publisher

who was also strongly fighting against "intellectual terrorism", as he called it.

Reception in America

Dubuffet achieved very rapid success in the American art market, largely due to his inclusion in the Pierre Matisse exhibition in 1946. His association with Matisse proved to be very beneficial. Matisse was a very influential dealer of contemporary European Art in America, and was known for strongly supporting the

artists. Dubuffet's work was placed among the likes of

Picasso Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, Ceramic art, ceramicist, and Scenic ...

Braque Georges Braque ( ; ; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he play ...

, and Rouault at the gallery exhibit, and he was one of only two young artists to be honored in this manner. A Newsweek article dubbed Dubuffet the 'darling of Parisian avant-garde circles,' and Greenberg wrote positively about Dubuffet's three canvases in a review of the exhibit. In 1947 Dubuffet had his first solo exhibition in America, in the same gallery as the Matisse exhibition. Reviews were largely favorable, and this resulted in Dubuffet having at least an annual, if not a biannual exhibition at that gallery.D'Souza, Aruna. "I Think Your Work Looks A Lot Like Dubuffet: Dubuffet and America, 1946-1962". ''Oxford Art Journal'' 20.2 (1997): 61. Due to his participation in a steady stream of art exhibitions within his first few years in New York, Dubuffet became a constant presence in the American art world. Dubuffet's association with the School of Paris provided him with a unique vehicle to reach American audiences, even though he dissociated himself from most of the ideals of the school, and reacted very strongly against the 'great traditions of painting.' Americans were intrigued by Dubuffet's simultaneous roots in the established French vanguard and his work, which was such a strong reaction against his background. Many painters of the New York school at this time were also trying to seek status within the

avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...

tradition, and drew influence from Dubuffet's work. His reception in America was very closely linked to and dependent upon the New York art world's desire to create its own avant-garde environment. Specific examples of American artists interested in Dubuffet’s art were Alfonso Ossorio and

Joseph Glasco Joseph Glasco (January 19, 1925 – May 31, 1996) was an American abstract expressionist painter, draftsman and sculptor. He is most known for his early figurative drawings and paintings and in later years for deconstructing the figure to develop ...

. At the end of 1949, while Pierre Matisse was preparing Dubuffet’s January 1950 show, Alfonso Ossorio had traveled to Paris to meet Dubuffet and buy some of his paintings. Then in 1950, at Ossorio’s urging, his young friend Joseph Glasco left New York for Paris to meet Dubuffet. Glasco credited this encounter as having had an influence on his own art, and Dubuffet frequently asked about “Pollock and Glasco” in his letters to Ossorio.

Transition to art brut

Between 1947 and 1949, Dubuffet took three separate trips to Algeria—a French colony at the time—in order to find further artistic inspiration. In this sense, Dubuffet is very similar to other artists such as Delacroix,

Matisse Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual arts, visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a drawing, draughtsman, printmaking, printmaker, ...

, and Fromentin. However, the art that Dubuffet produced while he was there was very specific insofar as it recalled Post-War French ethnography in light of decolonization. Dubuffet was fascinated by the nomadic nature of the tribes in Algeria—he admired the ephemeral quality of their existence, in that they did not stay in any one particular area for long, and were constantly shifting. The impermanence of this kind of movement attracted Dubuffet and became a facet of

. In June 1948, Dubuffet, along with

, Andre Breton, Charles Ratton, Michel Tapie, and Henri-Pierre Roche, officially established ''La Compagnie de l'art brut'' in Paris. This association was dedicated to the discovery, documentation and exhibition of art brut. Dubuffet later amassed his own collection of such art, including artists

Aloïse Corbaz Aloïse Blanche Corbaz (28 June 1886 – 5 April 1964) was a Swiss outsider artist included in Jean Dubuffet's initial collection of psychiatric art. She is one of very few acclaimed female outsider artists. Life Aloïse Blanche Corbaz was born ...

and

Adolf Wölfli Adolf Wölfli (February 29, 1864 – November 6, 1930) was a Swiss visual artist who was one of the first artists to be associated with the Art Brut or outsider art label. Early life Wölfli was born near Bern. He was abused both physically and ...

. This collection is now housed at the

Collection de l'art brut Collection or Collections may refer to: Computing * Collection (abstract data type), the abstract concept of collections in computer science * Collection (linking), the act of linkage editing in computing * Garbage collection (computing), autom ...

Lausanne Lausanne ( , ; ; ) is the capital and largest List of towns in Switzerland, city of the Swiss French-speaking Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, in Switzerland. It is a hilly city situated on the shores of Lake Geneva, about halfway bet ...

, Switzerland. His art brut collection is often referred to as a "museum without walls", as it transcended national and ethnic boundaries, and effectively broke down barriers between nationalities and cultures.Minturn, Kent. "Dubuffet, Levi-Strauss, and the Idea of Art Brut". ''Anthropology and Aesthetics'' 46 (2004): 247-258. Influenced by

Hans Prinzhorn Hans Prinzhorn (6 June 1886 – 14 June 1933) was a German psychiatrist and art historian. Biography Born in Hemer, Westphalia, he studied art history and philosophy at the universities of Tübingen, Leipzig and Munich, then receiving his doctor ...

's book ''

Artistry of the Mentally Ill ''Artistry of the Mentally Ill: a contribution to the psychology and psychopathology of configuration'' () is a 1922 book by psychiatrist Hans Prinzhorn, known as the work that launched the field of psychiatric art. It was the first attempt to ...

'', Dubuffet coined the term ''art brut'' (meaning "raw art", often referred to as 'outsider art') for art produced by non-professionals working outside aesthetic norms, such as art by psychiatric patients, prisoners, and children. Dubuffet felt that the simple life of the everyday human being contained more art and poetry than did academic art, or great painting. He found the latter to be isolating, mundane, and pretentious, and wrote in his ''Prospectus aux amateurs de tout genre'' that his aim was 'not the mere gratification of a handful of specialists, but rather the man in the street when he comes home from work....it is the man in the street whom I feel closest to, with whom I want to make friends and enter into confidence, and ''he'' is the one I want to please and enchant by means of my work.' To that end, Dubuffet began to search for an art form in which everyone could participate and by which everyone could be entertained. He sought to create an art as free from intellectual concerns as Art Brut, and as a result, his work often appears primitive and childlike. His form is often compared to wall scratchings and children's art. Nonetheless, Dubuffet appeared to be quite erudite when it came to writing about his own work. According to prominent art critic

Hilton Kramer Hilton Kramer (March 25, 1928 – March 27, 2012) was an American art critic and essayist. Biography Early life Kramer was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts into a Jewish immigrant family, and was educated at Syracuse University, receiving a b ...

, "There is only one thing wrong with the essays Dubuffet has written on his own work: their dazzling intellectual finesse makes nonsense of his claim to a free and untutored primitivism. They show us a mandarin literary personality, full of chic phrases and up-to-date ideas, that is quite the opposite of the naive visionary."

Artistic style

Dubuffet's art primarily features the resourceful exploitation of unorthodox materials. Many of Dubuffet's works are painted in

oil paint Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil. Oil paint also has practical advantages over other paints, mainly because it is waterproof. The earliest surviving ...

using an

impasto Impasto is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When dry, impasto provides tex ...

thickened by materials such as

sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is usually defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural ...

tar Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation. Tar can be produced from coal, wood, petroleum, or peat. "a dark brown or black b ...

and

straw Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry wikt:stalk, stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the crop yield, yield by weight of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, ry ...

, giving the work an unusually textured surface. Dubuffet was the first artist to use this type of thickened paste, called bitumen. Additionally, in his earlier paintings, Dubuffet dismissed the concept of perspective in favor of a more direct, two-dimensional presentation of space. Instead, Dubuffet created the illusion of perspective by crudely overlapping objects within the picture plane. This method most directly contributed to the cramped effect of his works. From 1962 he produced a series of works in which he limited himself to the colours red, white, black, and blue. Towards the end of the 1960s he turned increasingly to sculpture, producing works in

polystyrene Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic polymer made from monomers of the aromatic hydrocarbon styrene. Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. It i ...

which he then painted with

vinyl Vinyl may refer to: Chemistry * Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a particular vinyl polymer * Vinyl cation, a type of carbocation * Vinyl group, a broad class of organic molecules in chemistry * Vinyl polymer, a group of polymers derived from vinyl ...

paint. Dubuffet has influenced

Linda Naeff Linda Naeff (February 22, 1926 - February 20, 2014), was a Swiss people, Swiss painter and sculptor. Close the Outsider art, ''Art Brut'' movement, she started painting in her sixties. She has been influenced by Jean Dubuffet. Biography Born in ...

Other enterprises

In late 1960–1961, Dubuffet began experimenting with music and sound and made several recordings with the Danish painter

Asger Jorn Asger Oluf Jorn (3 March 1914 – 1 May 1973) was a Danish painter, sculptor, ceramic artist, and author. He was a founding member of the avant-garde movement COBRA and the Situationist International. The largest collection of Jorn's works� ...

, a founding member of the avant-garde movement

COBRA COBRA or Cobra, often stylized as CoBrA, was a European avant-garde art group active from 1948 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home countries' capital cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels ...

. The same period he started making sculpture, but in a very not-sculptural way. As his medium he preferred to use the ordinary materials as papier-mâché and for all the light medium polystyrene, in which he could model very fast and switch easily from one work to another, as sketches on paper. At the end of the 1960s he started to create his large sculpture-habitations, such as 'Tour aux figures', 'Jardin d'Hiver' and 'Villa Falbala' in which people can wander, stay, and contemplate. In 1969 ensued an acquaintance between him and the French Outsider Art artist Jacques Soisson. In 1974 Dubuffet created '' Jardin d'émail'', a very large outdoor painted sculpture designed for the

Kröller-Müller Museum The Kröller-Müller Museum () is a national art museum and sculpture garden, located in the Hoge Veluwe National Park in Otterlo in the Netherlands. The museum, founded by art collector Helene Kröller-Müller within the extensive grounds of ...

. In 1978 Dubuffet collaborated with American composer and musician

Jasun Martz Jasun Martz is an American record producer, composer, musician, fine artist, creative director and sculptor who has worked on several #1 internationally best-selling hit records but is probably best known for his contemporary classical symphonie ...

to create the record album artwork for Martz's avant-garde symphony entitled ''The Pillory''. The much written about drawing has been reproduced internationally in three different editions on tens-of-thousands of record albums and compact discs. A detail of the drawing is also featured on Martz's second symphony (2005), ''The Pillory/The Battle'', performed by The Intercontinental Philharmonic Orchestra and Royal Choir.

Death

Dubuffet died from emphysema in Paris on 12 May 1985.

Exhibitions

The Fondation Jean Dubuffet collects and exhibits his work. The following is a chronological list of exhibits featuring Dubuffet, along with the number of his works displayed at each exhibit. *1944: ''Galerie Rene Drouin, Paris'' *1946: ''Galerie Rene Drouin, Paris'' *1951: ''Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York'' 29 works *1955: ''Institute of Contemporary Arts, London'' 56 works *1957: ''Stadtisches Museum, Leverkusen'' 87 works *1958: ''Arthur Tooth and Sons, London'' 31 works *1959: ''Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York'' 77 works *1960: ''Arthur Tooth and Sons, London'' 40 works *1960: ''Kestner-Gesellschaft, Hanover'' 88 works *1960: ''Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Paris'' 402 works *1960: ''Hanover Gallery, London'' 27 works *1962: ''Museum of Modern Art, New York'' 85 works *1962: ''Robert Fraser Gallery, London'' 60 works *1963: ''Galleria Marlborough, Rome'' 68 works *1964: ''Robert Fraser Gallery, London'' 18 works *1964: ''

Palazzo Grassi Palazzo Grassi (also known as the Palazzo Grassi-Stucky) is a building in the Venetian Classical style located on the Grand Canal of Venice (Italy), between the Palazzo Moro Lin and the campo San Samuele. History First owners During the 16th ...

, Venice'' 107 works *1964-5: ''Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam'' 198 works *1964-5: ''Galerie Jeanne Bucher, Paris'' 18 works *1964-5: ''Galerie Claude Bernard, Paris'' 46 works *1965: ''Galerie Beyeler, Basel'' 88 works *1965: ''Gimpel Hanover Galerie, Zurich'' 34 works *1966: ''Institute of Contemporary Arts, London'' 76 works *1966: ''Robert Fraser Gallery, London'' 13 works *2001:
Jean Dubuffet: Exposition du centenaire
', Centre Pompidou, Paris *2019: ''Jean Dubuffet: un barbare en Europe'' MuCEM,

Marseille Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...

, FranceJean Dubuffet: Un barbare en Europe
Marseille: Mucem. Accessed November 2019. *2021: ''Jean Dubuffet: Brutal Beauty'', Barbican Art Gallery, London

Notable works

* '' Cows and Groomers'' (August 1943) * '' The Cow with the Subtile Nose'' (1954) * ''Group of Four Trees'' (1972) * '' La Chiffonnière'' (1978) * ''

Monument au Fantôme A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical ...

'' (1977) * ''

Monument with Standing Beast ''Monument with Standing Beast'' is a sculpture by Jean Dubuffet previously located in front of the Helmut Jahn designed James R. Thompson Center in the Chicago Loop, Loop Community areas of Chicago, community area of Chicago, IL, Chicago, Illin ...

'' (1984)

Art market

On 25 June 2019, an auction record was set when the artist's work ''Cérémonie (Ceremony)'' sold for £8.718.750 ($11.1 million) at

Christie's Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie (auctioneer), James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, and it has additional salerooms in New York, Paris, Hong Kong, Milan, Geneva, Shan ...

. On 15 April 2021, Dubuffet's ''La féconde journée'' (1976), was auctioned for £4.378.500 ($6.369.265) in a Phillips art auction in London.

Selected bibliography

Catalogue Raisonné

*''Catalogue des travaux de Jean Dubuffet,'' Fascicule I-XXXVIII, Pauvert: Paris, 1965–1991 *Webel, Sophie, ''L’Œuvre gravé et les livres illustrés par Jean Dubuffet. Catalogue raisonné.'' Lebon: Paris 1991

Writings

*Jean Dubuffet, ''Prospectus et tous écrits suivants,'' Tome I, II, Paris 1967; Tome III, IV, Gallimard: Paris 1995 *Jean Dubuffet, ''Asphyxiating Culture and other Writings.'' New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1986

Principal studies

*George Limbour, L'Art brut de Jean Dubuffet (Tableau bon levain à vous de cuire la pâte), Paris, Éditions Galerie René Drouin, 1953. *Michel Ragon, ''Dubuffet'', New York: Grove Press, 1959 (Translated from French by Haakon Chevalier.)
*Peter Selz, ''The Work of Jean Dubuffet'', New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1962 *

Max Loreau Max Loreau (7 June 1928 – 7 January 1990) was a 20th-century Belgian philosopher, poet and art critic. Life and career Born in Brussels, Max Loreau was a professor of modern philosophy at the University of Brussels. He was interested in a nu ...

, ''Jean Dubuffet, délits déportements lieux de haut jeu'', Paris: Weber, 1971 *Andreas Franzke, ''Jean Dubuffet'', Basel: Beyeler, 1976 (Translated from German by Joachim Neugröschel.)
*Andreas Franzke, ''Jean Dubuffet'', New York:

Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (HNA), is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, children's books, and stationery. The enterprise is a subsidiary of the French publisher Média-Participations. Run by president and CEO Mary ...

1981 (Translated from German by Erich Wolf.)
*Michel Thévoz, ''Jean Dubuffet'', Geneva: Albert Skira, 1986 *Mildred Glimcher, ''Jean Dubuffet: Towards an Alternative Reality.'' New York:

Pace Gallery The Pace Gallery is a contemporary and modern art gallery with 9 locations worldwide. It was founded in Boston by Arne Glimcher in 1960. His son, Marc Glimcher, is now president and CEO. Pace Gallery operates in New York, London, Hong Kong, ...

1987
*Mechthild Haas, ''Jean Dubuffet'', Berlin: Reimer, 1997 (German)
*''Jean Dubuffet'', Paris:

Centre Georges Pompidou The Centre Pompidou (), more fully the (), also known as the Pompidou Centre in English and colloquially as Beaubourg, is a building complex in Paris, France. It was designed in the style of high-tech architecture by the architectural team of ...

, 2001
*Laurent Danchin, ''Jean Dubuffet'', New York: Vilo International, 2001
*''Jean Dubuffet: Trace of an Adventure'', ed. by

Agnes Husslein Agnes Husslein, also Agnes Husslein-Arco, (born 22 May 1954) is an Austrian art historian and art manager. Life Husslein was born the daughter of Felicitas (''née'' Boeckl) and Carl Heinrich Arco in Vienna (1920–1978).Music By Dubuffet

PAF Jean Dubuffet

The Collection de l'Art Brut in Lausanne

Fondation Dubuffet
*
The Modern Art Index Project, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Dubuffet at the Tate Gallery
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Dubuffet, Jean 1901 births 1985 deaths 20th-century French painters 20th-century French male artists French male painters 20th-century French sculptors French male sculptors Académie Julian alumni Art Informel and Tachisme painters French modern painters French modern sculptors Pataphysicians Artists from Le Havre Painters from Normandy School of Paris Honorary members of the Royal Academy