theoretical physics Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict List of natural phenomena, natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental p ...

, a dual resonance model arose during the early investigation (1968–1973) of

string theory In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and intera ...

as an S-matrix theory of the

strong interaction In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interaction, fundamental interactions. It confines Quark, quarks into proton, protons, n ...

Overview

The dual resonance model was based upon the observation that the amplitudes for the s-channel scatterings matched exactly with the amplitudes for the t-channel scatterings among

meson In particle physics, a meson () is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles, the ...

s and also the Regge trajectory. It began with the Euler beta function model of

Gabriele Veneziano Gabriele Veneziano ( ; ; born 7 September 1942) is an Italian theoretical physicist widely considered the father of string theory. He has conducted most of his scientific activities at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and held the Chair of Elementar ...

in 1968 for a 4-particle amplitude which has the property that it is explicitly s–t crossing symmetric, exhibits duality between the description in terms of Regge poles or of resonances, and provides a closed-form solution to non-linear finite-energy sum rules relating s- and t- channels. The Veneziano formula was quickly generalized to an equally consistent ''N''-particle amplitude for which

Yoichiro Nambu was a Japanese-American physicist and professor at the University of Chicago. Known for his groundbreaking contributions to theoretical physics, Nambu was the originator of the theory of spontaneous symmetry breaking, a concept that revoluti ...

, Holger Bech Nielsen, and

Leonard Susskind Leonard Susskind (; born June 16, 1940)his 60th birth anniversary was celebrated with a special symposium at Stanford University.in Geoffrey West's introduction, he gives Suskind's current age as 74 and says his birthday was recent. is an Americ ...

provided a physical interpretation in terms of an infinite number of

simple harmonic oscillator In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion (sometimes abbreviated as ) is a special type of periodic function, periodic motion an object experiences by means of a restoring force whose magnitude is directly proportionality (mathematics), ...

s describing the motion of an extended one-dimensional string, hence came the name "

." The study of dual resonance models was a relatively popular subject of study between 1968 and 1973. It was even taught briefly as a graduate level course at MIT, by

Sergio Fubini Sergio Fubini (31 December 1928 – 6 January 2005) was an Italian theoretical physicist. He was one of the pioneers of string theory. He was engaged in peace activism in the Middle East. Biography Fubini was born in Turin. In 1938, he fled t ...

and Veneziano, who co-authored an early article. It fell rapidly out of favor around 1973 when

quantum chromodynamics In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons. Quarks are fundamental particles that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion. QCD is a type of ...

became the main focus of theoretical research (mainly due to the theoretical appeal of its

asymptotic freedom In quantum field theory, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theory, gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases. (A ...

).Rickles 2014, p. 11 n. 22.

Overview

See also

Notes

References

Further reading