:''The

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of ...

genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''

Oreta ''Oreta'' is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1855. Species *The ''rosea'' species group **'' Oreta ancora'' Chu and Wang, 1987 **'' Oreta andrema'' Wilkinson, 1972 **'' Oreta a ...

. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''

Dryopteris filix-mas ''Dryopteris filix-mas'', the male fern, is a common fern of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, native to much of Europe, Asia, and North America. It favours damp shaded areas in the understory of woodlands, but also shady places on hedge-bank ...

''), or buckler ferns, is a

fern A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except ...

genus in the family

Dryopteridaceae The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder ...

, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the

Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the classification of pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relatio ...

classification of 2016 (PPG I). There are about 300-400 species in the genus. The species are distributed in Asia, the Americas, Europe, Africa, and the Pacific islands, with the highest diversity in eastern Asia. It is placed in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the

classification of 2016 (PPG I). Many of the species have stout, slowly creeping rootstocks that form a crown, with a vase-like ring of

frond A frond is a large, divided leaf. In both common usage and botanical nomenclature, the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds and some botanists restrict the term to this group. Other botanists allow the term frond to also apply to the lar ...

s. The sori are round, with a

peltate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular ...

indusium A sorus (pl. sori) is a cluster of sporangia (structures producing and containing spores) in ferns and fungi. A coenosorus (plural coenosori) is a compound sorus composed of multiple, fused sori. Etymology This New Latin word is from Ancient Gr ...

. The stipes have prominent scales.

Hybridization Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to: *Hybridization (biology), the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid *Orbital hybridization, in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals *Nu ...

and

polyploidy Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contains ...

are well-known phenomena in this group, with many species formed via these processes. The North American ''Dryopteris'' hybrid complex is a well-known example of

speciation Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution withi ...

via allopolyploid hybridization.

Selected species

The genus has a large number of species. The PPG I classification suggested there were about 400 species; , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' listed 328 species and 83 hybrids. Some genera sunk into ''Dryopteris'', such as ''Dryopsis'', ''Stenolepia'' and ''Nothoperanema'', are distinguished by other sources. *''

Dryopteris abbreviata :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *''

Dryopteris aemula ''Dryopteris aemula'', the hay-scented buckler-fern or hay-scented fern, is a species of perennial leptosporangiate fern. Description ''Dryopteris aemula'' grows as a crown of fronds arising from a short ascending rhizome. The rachis is dark ...

'' – hay-scented buckler fern *''

Dryopteris affinis ''Dryopteris affinis'', the scaly male fern or golden-scaled male fern, is a fern native plant, native to western and southern Europe and southwestern Asia. It is most abundant on moist soils in woodlands in areas with high humidity, such as the ...

'' – scaly male fern *''

Dryopteris alpestris :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris amurensis :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris apicisora :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris arguta ''Dryopteris arguta'', with the common name coastal woodfern, is a species of wood fern. It is native to the west coast and western interior mountain ranges of North America, from British Columbia, throughout California, and into Arizona. It g ...

'' – coastal wood fern *''

Dryopteris azorica :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris backeri :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris barbigera :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris bissetiana :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris blandfordii :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris bodinieri :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris borreri :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' *'' Dryopteris cambrensis'' – narrow male fern *''

Dryopteris campyloptera ''Dryopteris campyloptera'', also known as the mountain wood fern, is a large American fern of higher elevations and latitudes. It was formerly known as ''Dryopteris spinulosa'' var. ''americana''. This species also has been mistakenly referred ...

'' – mountain wood fern *'' Dryopteris canaliculata'' *''

Dryopteris carthusiana ''Dryopteris carthusiana'' is a species of fern native to damp forests throughout the Holarctic Kingdom. It is known as the narrow buckler-fern in the United Kingdom, and as the spinulose woodfern in North America. It is a tetraploid of hybrid ...

'' – narrow buckler fern *'' Dryopteris caucasica'' *'' Dryopteris caudifrons'' *''

Dryopteris celsa ''Dryopteris celsa'', the log fern, is a perennial fern in the family Dryopteridaceae The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte ...

'' – log fern *'' Dryopteris championii'' *''

Dryopteris changii :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *'' Dryopteris chapaensis'' *'' Dryopteris chinensis'' *'' Dryopteris chrysocoma'' *'' Dryopteris cinnamomea'' – cinnamon wood fern *''

Dryopteris clintoniana ''Dryopteris clintoniana'', commonly known as Clinton's wood fern, is a fern of hybrid origin native to the northern hemisphere. It is a fertile hexaploid, arising as a species by doubling of its chromosome number from a hybrid between ''Dryopte ...

'' – Clinton's wood fern *'' Dryopteris confertipinna'' *''

Dryopteris cordipinna :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' *'' Dryopteris corleyi'' *'' Dryopteris costalisora'' *''

Dryopteris crassirhizoma ''Dryopteris crassirhizoma'' is a fern species in the wood fern family Dryopteridaceae. This semi-evergreen fern grows to tall and broad, with narrowly-divided fronds growing in a vase-like shape from a central crown, which is brown in colour. ...

'' *'' Dryopteris crinalis'' *'' Dryopteris crispifolia'' *''

Dryopteris cristata ''Dryopteris cristata'' is a species of fern native to wetlands throughout the Northern Hemisphere. It is known as crested wood fern or crested buckler-fern. This plant is a tetraploid species of hybrid origin, one parent being '' Dryopteris lu ...

'' – crested buckler fern *''

Dryopteris cyatheoides :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *''

Dryopteris cycadina ''Dryopteris cycadina'', the shaggy shield fern or black wood fern, is a species of deciduous or semi-evergreen fern in the family Dryopteridaceae, native to northern India, China, Taiwan and Japan. It grows to tall by wide, and produces pale g ...

'' *'' Dryopteris cyclopeltiformis'' *''

Dryopteris decipiens :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *'' Dryopteris dehuaensis'' *'' Dryopteris dickinsii'' *''

Dryopteris dilatata ''Dryopteris dilatata'', the broad buckler-fern, is a robust species of deciduous or semievergreen fern in the family Dryopteridaceae, native to Europe, particularly western and central Europe. In southern Europe, it is mostly found in mountainou ...

'' – broad buckler fern *'' Dryopteris discrita'' *'' Dryopteris enneaphylla'' *'' Dryopteris erythrosa'' *'' Dryopteris erythrosora'' – autumn fern *''

Dryopteris expansa ''Dryopteris expansa'', the alpine buckler fern, northern buckler-fern or spreading wood fern, is a species of fern native to cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south at high altitudes in mountains to Spain and Gree ...

'' – northern buckler fern *''

Dryopteris fibrilosa :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family D ...

'' *''

Dryopteris fibrilosissima :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family D ...

'' *''

'' – male fern *'' Dryopteris floridana'' *''

Dryopteris formosana :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *'' Dryopteris fragrans'' – fragrant buckler fern, fragrant wood fern *'' Dryopteris fructuosa'' *'' Dryopteris fuscipes'' *'' Dryopteris gamblei'' *'' Dryopteris goerigiana'' *'' Dryopteris goldieana'' – Goldie's wood fern *'' Dryopteris gongboensis'' *'' Dryopteris guanchica'' *'' Dryopteris gushanica'' *'' Dryopteris gushiangensis'' *'' Dryopteris gymnophylla'' *'' Dryopteris gymnosora'' *'' Dryopteris hasseltii'' *'' Dryopteris hendersoni'' *'' Dryopteris hirtipes'' *'' Dryopteris huanganshanensis'' *'' Dryopteris hupehensis'' *'' Dryopteris hwangii'' *'' Dryopteris hypophlebia'' *'' Dryopteris immixta'' *'' Dryopteris inaequalis'' *'' Dryopteris incisolobata'' *'' Dryopteris integriloba'' *'' Dryopteris integripinnula'' *'' Dryopteris intermedia'' – intermediate wood fern *'' Dryopteris junlianensis'' *'' Dryopteris juxtaposita'' *'' Dryopteris kinkiensis'' *'' Dryopteris labordei'' *'' Dryopteris lacera'' *'' Dryopteris lancipinnula'' *'' Dryopteris lepidopoda'' *''

Dryopteris lepidorachis :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' *'' Dryopteris liyangensis'' *''

Dryopteris ludoviciana ''Dryopteris ludoviciana'', the southern woodfern, is fern native to southern United States from Florida west to Texas and as far north as Kentucky and North Carolina. It is an evergreen in mild climates. Its growth habit is tall and upright wit ...

'' – southern wood fern *'' Dryopteris macropholis'' *'' Dryopteris manshurica'' *''

Dryopteris marginalis ''Dryopteris marginalis'', vernacularly known as the marginal shield fern or marginal wood fern, is a perennial species of fern found in damp shady areas throughout eastern North America, from Texas to Minnesota and Newfoundland. It favors moder ...

'' – marginal wood fern *'' Dryopteris matsumurae'' *'' Dryopteris minjiangensis'' *'' Dryopteris monticola'' *'' Dryopteris montigena'' *'' Dryopteris nanpingensis'' *''

Dryopteris neolepidopoda :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *'' Dryopteris nigropaleacea'' *'' Dryopteris nigrosquamosa'' *'' Dryopteris nyalamensis'' *'' Dryopteris nyingchiensis'' *'' Dryopteris odontoloma'' *'' Dryopteris oreades'' – mountain male fern *'' Dryopteris pacifica'' *'' Dryopteris pallida'' *'' Dryopteris paludicda'' *'' Dryopteris panda'' *''

Dryopteris parasparsa :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' *'' Dryopteris pedata'' *'' Dryopteris peninsulae'' *'' Dryopteris podophylla'' *'' Dryopteris polita'' *'' Dryopteris prosa'' *''

Dryopteris pseudo-sikkimensis :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *''

Dryopteris pseudoatrata :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' *'' Dryopteris pseudodontoloma'' *'' Dryopteris pseudofibrillosa'' *''

Dryopteris pseudomarginata :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris pseudouniformis :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' *'' Dryopteris pulcherrima'' *'' Dryopteris qandoensis'' *''

Dryopteris quatanensis :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family D ...

'' *'' Dryopteris reflexosquamata'' *''

Dryopteris remota :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' – scaly buckler fern *'' Dryopteris rigida'' *'' Dryopteris rosthornii'' *'' Dryopteris sacrosancta'' *'' Dryopteris saxifraga'' *'' Dryopteris scottii'' *'' Dryopteris semipinnata'' *'' Dryopteris sericea'' *'' Dryopteris serrato-dentata'' *'' Dryopteris shensicola'' *'' Dryopteris shibipedis'' *'' Dryopteris sichotensis'' *'' Dryopteris sieboldii'' *'' Dryopteris sikkimensis'' *'' Dryopteris silaensis'' *'' Dryopteris sino-sparsa'' *'' Dryopteris sinoerythrosora'' *''

Dryopteris sinofibrillosa :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *'' Dryopteris sordidipes'' *''

Dryopteris sparsa :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *''

Dryopteris squamifera :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *'' Dryopteris squamiseta'' *'' Dryopteris stenolepis'' *'' Dryopteris subatrata'' *'' Dryopteris subbarbigera'' *''

Dryopteris subexaltata :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *'' Dryopteris sublacera'' *'' Dryopteris sublaeta'' *'' Dryopteris submarginata'' *''

Dryopteris submontana :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' – rigid buckler fern *''

Dryopteris subtriangularis :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...

'' *'' Dryopteris tarningensis'' *'' Dryopteris tenuicula'' *'' Dryopteris tenuissima'' *'' Dryopteris thibetica'' *'' Dryopteris tieluensis'' *'' Dryopteris tokyoensis'' – Tokyo wood fern *'' Dryopteris tsangpoensis'' *'' Dryopteris tyrrhena'' *'' Dryopteris uniformis'' *'' Dryopteris varia'' *'' Dryopteris venosa'' *''

Dryopteris villarii :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to '' Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family ...

'' *'' Dryopteris wallichiana'' – alpine wood fern *''

Dryopteris wenchuanensis :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...

'' *'' Dryopteris wuyishanensis'' *'' Dryopteris yigongensis'' *'' Dryopteris yungtzeensis'' *'' Dryopteris zayuensis'' File:Dryopteris goldiana.jpg, '' Dryopteris goldieana'', Goldie's fern File:Dryopteris sieboldii - Atlanta Botanical Garden.JPG, '' Dryopteris sieboldii''

Ecology

''Dryopteris'' species are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Th ...

e of some Lepidoptera species including '' Batrachedra sophroniella'' (which feeds exclusively on ''D. cyatheoides'') and '' Sthenopiseauratus''.

Cultivation and uses

Many ''Dryopteris'' species are widely used as garden

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...

s, especially ''D. affinis'', ''D. erythrosora'', and ''D. filix-mas'', with numerous

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

s. ''Dryopteris filix-mas'' was throughout much of recent human history widely used as a vermifuge, and was the only fern listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. Traditional use in Scandinavia against red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation is to place fronds in nesting boxes under nesting material and under floor covering material.

References

External links

Flora Europaea: ''Dryopteris''

Flora of North America: ''Dryopteris''

Flora of China: ''Dryopteris'' species list
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1335106 Dryopteris, Fern genera

Selected species

Ecology

Cultivation and uses

See also

References

External links