Douglas Joseph Cardinal (born 7 March 1934) is a Canadian architect based in

Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located in the southern Ontario, southern portion of the province of Ontario, at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the cor ...

. His architecture is influenced by his Indigenous heritage, as well as European

Expressionist architecture Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionism, expressionist visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in Germany. Bri ...

.Douglas Cardinal
The Canadian Encyclopedia Cardinal designed the

Canadian Museum of History The Canadian Museum of History () is a national museum on anthropology, Canadian history, cultural studies, and ethnology in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related res ...

Gatineau, Quebec Gatineau ( ; ) is a city in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, directly across from Ottawa, Ontario. Gatineau is the largest city in the Outaouais administrative region of Quebec and is also par ...

, and the

National Museum of the American Indian The National Museum of the American Indian is a museum in the United States devoted to the culture of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. It is part of the Smithsonian Institution group of museums and research centers. The museum has three ...

Washington, DC Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and Federal district of the United States, federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from ...

Life

Born in

Calgary, Alberta Calgary () is a major city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Alberta. As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,306,784 and a Metropolitan area, metropolitan population of 1,481,806 making it the List of ...

, to parents Joseph and Frances Cardinal, Douglas Cardinal is the oldest of eight children. He is a member of the Siksika Nation. His father was of Siksika (Blackfoot), French, and

Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...

heritage, while his mother was of German, French and Mohawk/

Métis The Métis ( , , , ) are a mixed-race Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces extending into parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northwest United States. They ha ...

descent. His mother worked as a nurse and was well educated. Cardinal's parents met in 1926. Despite the limited rights of women in the early 20th century, which discouraged women's education, the matrilineal culture of Cardinal's father's tribe accepted Cardinal's mother. These cultural ideas shaped Cardinal's upbringing and affected his worldview and relationship with his heritage. He has recalled that his mother told him at a young age, "You’re going to be an architect." Cardinal grew up just a few miles outside the small city of

Red Deer, Alberta Red Deer is a city in Alberta, Canada, located midway on the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. Red Deer serves central Alberta, and its key industries include health care, retail trade, construction, oil and gas, hospitality, manufacturing and educati ...

. He attended St. Joseph's Convent Catholic, a boarding school designed for rural children who wanted to continue their education beyond Grade 8—the highest level offered by most one-room country schools at the time. He completed high school there. The school was run by the Daughters of Wisdom who were highly regarded for teaching both Catholic and Protestant students. Like many boarders, Cardinal was introduced to the arts and culture by the Sisters. He later credited the school with having a profound influence on his development. Exposure to traditional architecture and its cultural significance inspired Cardinal to design spaces similar to churches and basilicas.

University

In 1953, he started studying

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and construction, constructi ...

at the

University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada ...

(UBC) but was forced to leave two years later due to his radical ideas. Cardinal's architectural approach was to create buildings that responded to nature, which did not align with the ideas of

modernism Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...

that were prominent in the 1950s. In his third year of studies, he was told by the director of UBC that he had the "wrong background" for the program and the profession. Cardinal left UBC and returned to Red Deer to start working at local architectural firms as a draftsman. In response to anti-Indigenous racism at the time, Cardinal eventually left Canada for

Arizona Arizona is a U.S. state, state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States, sharing the Four Corners region of the western United States with Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. It also borders Nevada to the nort ...

and

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

, and later settled in

Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...

. He attended the

University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public university, public research university in Austin, Texas, United States. Founded in 1883, it is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. With 53,082 stud ...

, from which he graduated with a degree in architecture in 1963. He also studied

cultural anthropology Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans. It is in contrast to social anthropology, which perceives cultural variation as a subset of a posited anthropological constant. The term ...

Inspirations

Cardinal's philosophy was inspired by architect Rudolph Steiner, who he studied at the University of Texas. Steiner's work led Cardinal to study

anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics t ...

, which he applied to his work. The idea of anthropomorphism and its concept of responding to human behavior, natural cycles of life, and land tectonics aligned with Cardinal's cultural heritage. Another inspiration for Cardinal was the work of

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright Sr. (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed List of Frank Lloyd Wright works, more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key ...

. Cardinal appreciated Wright's way of responding to the landscape with the use of natural materials, such as stone and brick.

Career

Cardinal opened his private practice in 1964. That same year, he was commissioned to design St. Mary's Church in Red Deer, Alberta. Construction was completed in 1968. It has since been recognized as a prominent example in the history of Canadian architecture. In 2007, the church was featured on a

Canada Post Canada Post Corporation (, trading as Canada Post (), is a Canadian Crown corporation that functions as the primary postal operator in Canada. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada (the operating name of the Post Office Department of the Can ...

stamp series featuring four Canadian architects to commemorate the centennial of the

Royal Architectural Institute of Canada The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) is a not-for-profit, national organization that has represented architects and architecture for over 100 years, in existence since 1907. The RAIC is the leading voice for excellence in the built ...

(RAIC). Beginning with his work at St. Mary's, Cardinal was one of the first North American architects to use computers to assist in the design process. Cardinal used 3D design programs to lay out the exact dimensions of buildings and help shape his curvilinear designs to the landscape around them. In 1993, he was hired by the

Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase a ...

as the Primary Design Architect for the

(NMAI). The NMAI is currently situated on the

National Mall The National Mall is a Landscape architecture, landscaped park near the Downtown, Washington, D.C., downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. It contains and borders a number of museums of the Smithsonian Institu ...

Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...

, and is directly across from the Capitol of the United States of America. After contractual disputes, Cardinal was removed from the project in 1998 before it was completed, but he continued to provide input into the building's design. In 2008, his firm was hired by the Kirkland Foundation to design a museum/convention centre in

Union City, Tennessee Union City is a city in and the county seat of Obion County, Tennessee, United States. 11,170 people were living in the town as of the 2020 census. It is the principal urban settlement of the surrounding micropolitan area, which includes Obion Cou ...

. The Discovery Park of America was intended to be a unique structure housing a multilevel museum, with artifacts from across the nation, as well as large mixed-use community spaces. However, in early 2009, the firm's contract was terminated and all construction activity was halted.

Architectural Style and Philosophy

Throughout his early years, Cardinal dealt with racism and pressure to conform to mainstream architectural styles. He did not fully embrace his Indigenous heritage until moving to Texas. In 1970s, Cardinal developed his trademark architectural style with organic curvilinear forms. In those years, he also started wearing native clothes and necklaces and became an advocate for Indigenous rights. Cardinal's connection to his native cultural background influenced his architectural approach. His work explores the relationship between humans, the environment, and the passage of time. Cardinal uses natural materials, organic shapes, and soil and sun studies. As part of his native philosophy, Cardinal's architecture aims to last for seven generations, as opposed to the economically driven and efficient approach of the patriarchal society.

St. Mary's Church

St. Mary's Church in Red Deer, Alberta is Cardinal's first building. Upon his return to

Alberta Alberta is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Canada. It is a part of Western Canada and is one of the three Canadian Prairies, prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to its west, Saskatchewan to its east, t ...

, Cardinal met with Father Werner Merx, who wanted the new church to be innovative and unique. The archbishop of the church, Anthony Jordan, had already appointed another architect for the job, but Merx insisted on hiring Cardinal and realizing his vision. Archbishop Jordan had helped resolve a legal case for Cardinal 10 years earlier and approved Cardinal for the job. Cardinal start the project in 1967. Despite initial challenges, St. Mary's Church became one of his most iconic designs. The church has 750 seats inside and includes tubular skylights for natural daylight. Its blend of natural organic forms was considered unprecedented for the time.

Canadian Museum of History

The

Canadian Museum of Civilization The Canadian Museum of History () is a national museum on anthropology, Canadian history, cultural studies, and ethnology in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related res ...

, which opened in 1989, is another project that reflects Cardinal's architectural style. The building is located on the banks of the

Ottawa River The Ottawa River (, ) is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It is named after the Algonquin word "to trade", as it was the major trade route of Eastern Canada at the time. For most of its length, it defines the border betw ...

,facing

Parliament Hill Parliament Hill (), colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern bank of the Ottawa River that houses the Parliament of Canada in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. It accommodates a suite of Gothic revival buildings whose ...

. Whereas the government buildings in the city centre face away from the river, Cardinal designed the Museum of Civilization building to face the river. He also included a curvilinear facade that wraps around the environment. The envelope of the building is shaped in an organic form that mimics many shapes commonly found in nature. In appreciation for the neighboring

Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

buildings, Cardinal used the same limestone material to construct the museum. The museum also engages with its historical context by including totem poles and native murals inside the building. Cardinal wanted the space inside to feel alive and dynamic. Former prime minister

Pierre Trudeau Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000) was a Canadian politician, statesman, and lawyer who served as the 15th prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984. Between his no ...

also encouraged Cardinal to create a museum where people embrace their different backgrounds and learn from each other. Trudeau's idea for a multicultural Canadian society aligned well with Cardinal's vision. However, in 1984 the new

Brian Mulroney Martin Brian Mulroney (March 20, 1939 – February 29, 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993. Born in the eastern Quebec city of Baie-Comeau, Mulroney studi ...

government did not approve Cardinal's design. He lost his team on the project and was not fully paid for his previous work. However, Cardinal was dedicated to completing the building. He eventually finished the museum and it became one of his many fundamental projects.

Architectural Peers

Cardinal was part of a community that included some of Canada's most influential architects, such as

Moshe Safdie Moshe Safdie (; born July 14, 1938) is an architect, urban planner, educator, theorist, and author. He is well known for incorporating principles of socially responsible design throughout his six-decade career. His projects include cultural, ed ...

Raymond Moriyama Raymond Junichi Moriyama (October 11, 1929 – September 1, 2023) was a Canadian architect. The private practice in Toronto he co-founded with Ted Teshima, Moriyama & Teshima Architects, was renowned for designing many major buildings across ...

, Eberhard Zeidler,

Arthur Erickson Arthur Charles Erickson (June 14, 1924 – May 20, 2009) was a Canadian architect and urban planning, urban planner. He studied at the University of British Columbia and, in 1950, received his B.Arch. (Honours) from McGill University. He is kn ...

, Ray Affleck and Ron Thom. Although the members' styles and conceptual vision were different, they all agreed on a shared vision of architecture that conveyed meaning and beauty, rather than the commercial style of the era. However, Cardinal struggled with personal and financial problems, and consequently he did not receive as much recognition as his peers.

Works

Space-and-Science-Centre-Edmonton-Alberta

Among the many projects Cardinal has completed in his career are the following: * St. Mary's Church (1968)

* Diamond Jenness Secondary School (1972) Hay River, Northwest Territories * Fairview Elementary School (1975)

* Alberta Government Services (Provincial) Building (1976)

Ponoka, Alberta Ponoka is a town in central Alberta, Canada. It is located at the junction of Highway 2A and Highway 53, north of Red Deer and south of Edmonton. The name Ponoka is Blackfoot for "elk", which is the animal depicted in the town flag. Po ...

* Grande Prairie Regional College (1976)

Grande Prairie Grande Prairie is a city in Northern Alberta, northwestern Alberta, Canada, within the southern portion of an area known as Peace River Country. It is located at the intersection of Alberta Highway 43, Highway 43 (part of the CANAMEX Corridor) ...

* Precam Elementary School (1976) La Ronge, Saskatchewan * St. Albert Place & City Hall (1976) St. Albert, Alberta * Grotski Residence (1978)

Edmonton, Alberta Edmonton is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Central Alberta ...

* Spruce Grove City Hall (1981) in

Spruce Grove Spruce Grove is a city that is west of Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada. The city is adjacent to the Stony Plain, Alberta, Town of Stony Plain and is surrounded by Parkland County. With a 2021 population of 37,645, Spruce Grove is the List of cit ...

* Spruce Grove Composite High School (1982) Spruce Grove, Alberta * Cardinal Residence (1982) Stony Plain, Alberta * Edmonton Space And Science Centre (1984) Coronation Park,

, which has since been renovated and rebranded as the Telus World of Science * Leighton Artist Colony, at the Banff Centre (1985)

Banff, Alberta Banff is a resort town in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, west of Calgary, east of Lake Louise, Alberta, Lake Louise, and above Banff was the first municipality to incorporate within ...

* Sioux Valley (1986) Sioux Valley, Manitoba *

(1989) in

, opposite

* Jehovah's Witnesses Kingdom Hall (1991)

* York Region Administrative Centre (1992) in

Newmarket, Ontario Newmarket (Canada 2021 Census, 2021 population: 87,942) is a town and regional seat of the Regional Municipality of York in the Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Ontario. It is part of Greater Toronto Area, Greater Toron ...

* Kainai Middle School (1996) Sioux Valley, Manitoba *

(1993–1998) Washington * Circle of Life Thunderbird Place (2001)

Winnipeg, Manitoba Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Manitoba. It is centred on the confluence of the Red River of the North, Red and Assiniboine River, Assiniboine rivers. , Winnipeg h ...

* First Nations University (2003) in

Regina, Saskatchewan Regina ( ) is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The city is the second-largest in the province, and is a commercial centre for southern Saskatchewan. As of the 2021 Canadian census, ...

* Me-No-Ya Win Health Centre (2010)

Sioux lookout, Ontario Sioux Lookout is a town in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, with a population of 5,838 people (up 10.8% since 2016). Known locally as the "Hub of the North", it is serviced by the Sioux Lookout Airport, Ontario Highway 72, Highway 72, and the Sioux ...

* Wabano Centre (2013)

* Gordon Oakes Red Bear Centre (2016) at the

University of Saskatchewan The University of Saskatchewan (U of S, or USask) is a Universities in Canada, Canadian public university, public research university, founded on March 19, 1907, and located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatoon, Saskatch ...

Saskatoon Saskatoon () is the largest city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province. It is located along the Trans-Canada Hig ...

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Western Canada. It is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and to the south by the ...

* Unceded: Voices of the Land Exhibition (2018) at the

Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale ( ; ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy. There are two main components of the festival, known as the Art Biennale () and the Venice Biennale of Architecture, Architecture Biennale (), ...

* Adelante Healthcare Goodyear Project (2018)

Mesa, Arizona Mesa ( ) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 504,258 at the 2020 census. It is the List of municipalities in Arizona, third-most populous city in Arizona, after Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, T ...

* Long Point First Nation, Winneway, Quebec * Iskotew Healing Lodge, Ottawa, Ontario * Bonneville Rehabilitation Centre,

Bonnyville, Alberta Bonnyville is a town situated in Northern Alberta, East Northern Alberta, Canada between Cold Lake, Alberta, Cold Lake and St. Paul, Alberta, St. Paul. The Municipal District of Bonnyville No. 87, Municipal District (MD) of Bonnyville No. 87 sur ...

* Ojigkwanong Students Centre, Carleton University,

* Ile a la Crosse Elementary School, Île-à-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan * Cardinal Studio

Sudbury, Ontario Sudbury, officially the City of Greater Sudbury, is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population, with a population of 166,004 at the 2021 Canadian Census. By land area, it is the largest in Ontario and the List of the largest cities and t ...

* Oujé-Bougoumou Village, Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec * Janvier Gallery,

Cold Lake, Alberta Cold Lake is a city in east-northern Alberta, Canada and is named after the lake nearby. Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake (CFB Cold Lake) is situated within the city's outer limits. History Cold Lake was first recorded on a 1790 map, by the nam ...

* Grand Traverse Civic Centre, Grand Traverse County, Michigan, USA

Achievements

Writings

* ''Of the Spirit,'' NeWest Press (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), 1977.Douglas Joseph Cardinal. ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'', Gale, 2016. ''Gale Literature Resource Center'' * (With Trevor Boddy) ''The Architecture of Douglas Cardinal,'' NeWest Press (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), 1989. * (With Jeanette C. Armstrong) ''The Native Creative Process,'' Theytus Books, 1994.

Awards

In 2005 Cardinal was awarded The Distinguished Artist Award from the

Lieutenant Governor of Alberta The lieutenant governor of Alberta () is the representative in Alberta of the monarch. The lieutenant governor is appointed in the same manner as the other provincial viceroys in Canada and is similarly tasked with carrying out most of the mona ...

for "creating an indigenous style of Canadian architecture, characterized by gracious organic forms, which continually challenged the most advanced engineering standards". * Honor award, Alberta Association of Architects, 1968; * Honor award, City of Red Deer, Alberta, 1969; * Award of Excellence, City of Red Deer, Alberta, 1978; * Award of Excellence, ''Canadian Architect,'' 1972; * Member, Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1974; * Achievement of Excellence Award in Architecture, Province of Alberta, 1974; * Fellow, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, 1983; * Banff Centre National Arts Award, 1990; * Canada Council Molson Prize for the Arts, 1993; * Aboriginal Achievement Award, 1995; * RAIC Gold Medal for Architectural Achievement, 1999; * Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, Millennium Celebration of Architecture, St. Mary’s Church, Alberta, 2000; * Juan Torres Higueras Award, Federation of Pan American Associations of Architects, 2000; * Governor General’s Award in Visual and Media Arts, Ottawa, Ontario, 2001; * Best Building Award, Grand Traverse Centre, United Contractor of America, 2002; * United Nations Award for Sustainable Design, Oujé-Bougoumou Village, Quebec, 2002; * Golden Jubilee Medal in honor of Her Majesty The Queen’s 50th Anniversary, Ottawa, Ontario, 2002; * "Douglas J. Cardinal Performing Arts Centre" opens in GRPC, Grand Prairie, Alberta, 2004; * Laureate, Canada Council of the Arts, 2004; * Presidential Award, Masonry Design Awards, First Nations University, 2005; * Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Excellence in the Arts Award, Banff, Alberta, 2005; * Outstanding Professional Achievement Award, American Society of Landscape Architects, 2006; * "World Master of Contemporary Architecture" by the IAA, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2006; * Outstanding Professional Achievement Award, American Society of Landscape Architects, 2006; * Canada Post postage stamp - Douglas Cardinal and St. Mary's Church - commemorating RAIC's 100th Anniversary, 2007; * IAA Grand Prix Crystal Globe, 2009; * St. Albert Place and City Hall declared ‘Municipal Historic Resource’, 2009; * Gold Medal of the Union of Architects of Russia, Moscow, Russia, 2009; * Best Public Services Development in Canada Meno-Ya-Win Health Centre, International Property Awards, Essex, United Kingdom, 2009; * Alberta Masonry Design "Lifetime Achievement" Award, 2010; * Wood WORKS! "Northern Ontario Excellence" Award for Sioux Lookout Meno-Ya-Win Health Centre, 2011; * Ontario Wood Works "Northern Ontario Excellence Award" for Meno-Ya-Win Health Centre, 2012; * RAIC-NSAA Le Prix du XXe siècle for Grand Prairie Regional College, 2013; * Presidential Award from the Saskatchewan Masonry Institute for Gordon Oaks Red Bear Student Centre in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2016;

Personal life

Cardinal has been married four times and has eight children. After his return to Red Deer, Douglas Cardinal met his former high school sweetheart Deirdre. Her Irish Catholic family did not accept their relationship because of his heritage, so the pair eloped. They had one daughter. Because interracial marriages were illegal at the time, charges were pressed against Cardinal. Lawyer and archbishop Anthony Jordan defended Cardinal, who was found not guilty. However, Deirdre's family pressured her to move home, where she raised her and Cardinal's daughter alone. Shortly before moving to the United States, Cardinal started a relationship with Carole Olson, who companied him on a road trip 1957 to Texas where they were later married. The couple had three children, Nancy, Guy and Bret. The couple later divorced due to Cardinal's preoccupation with work. He married Marylin Zahar in 1973, with whom he had two children, Lisa and Jean-Marc. His fourth and current wife, Idoia Arana-Beobide, is of Basque origin and 30 years his junior. They met in 1988 while Cardinal was working on the

. At the time, she was a tour guide for the museum and an international student taking a museum studies course at a local community college. Cardinal and Arana-Beobide have two children, Aritz and Lorea, and reside in Ottawa. Arana-Beobide works as a director at his architectural firm.

References

Bibliography

Hall, J. (July 14, 2014). ''The Outsider: How Douglas Cardinal Draws Genius from Native Roots.'' Toronto, ON: Toronto Newspapers Limited. . Douglas Cardinal. (2018). ''The Canadian Architect, 63''(2), 30–32. ''Douglas Joseph Cardinal.'' (2016). Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors, Gale. Gale Literature Resource Center. Cardinal, D. J. (1998). ''Architecture as a living process.'' Canadian Journal of Native Education, ''22''(1), 3. Liscombe, R. (2003). ''Cardinal, Douglas.'' Grove Art Online. Retrieved on 2020-03-30 from https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000014003.

External links

Architect's web siteCanada Council 2001 Governor General's Award for Visual and Media ArtsDouglas Cardinal Archiving Project
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardinal, Douglas 1934 births Living people Artists from Calgary Canadian people of French descent Canadian people of German descent Canadian people of Métis descent Canadian architects Officers of the Order of Canada Expressionist architects First Nations artists Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts winners Indspire Awards National Museum of the American Indian Canadian people of Mohawk descent Canadian people of Ojibwe descent Siksika Nation people