Dotsero Crater is an elongate, long by wide,
maar
A maar is a broad, low-relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma). A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow ...
incised into
sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock formed by the cementation of sediments—i.e. particles made of minerals (geological detritus) or organic matter (biological detritus)—that have been accumulated or deposited at Earth's surface. Sedime ...
strata
In geology and related fields, a stratum (: strata) is a layer of Rock (geology), rock or sediment characterized by certain Lithology, lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by v ...
of the side of a mountain, called ''Blowout Hill'', and local, irregular, mountainous topography. At an elevation of , its north rim lies about higher than its south rim. Dotsero Crater is about deep. It is part of a maar and
scoria cone
A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep, conical landform of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic ash, clinkers, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or l ...
complex in which the associated scoria cones are constructed along a NNE-SSW line on either side of the maar and is perched near the upper edge of steep sided canyons about above the valley floor of the
Eagle River. The axis of the maar and scoria cone complex aligns with the axis of a local
syncline
In structural geology, a syncline is a fold with younger layers closer to the center of the structure, whereas an anticline is the inverse of a syncline. A synclinorium (plural synclinoriums or synclinoria) is a large syncline with superimposed ...
. Associated with the maar and scoria cones is a
lahar
A lahar (, from ) is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of Pyroclastic rock, pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a valley, river valley.
Lahars are o ...
and -long
lava flow
Lava is molten or partially molten rock (magma) that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth) or a Natural satellite, moon onto its surface. Lava may be erupted at a volcano or through a Fissure vent, fractu ...
. Dotsero Crater lies northeast of
Dotsero, Colorado
Dotsero is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Eagle County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Edwards, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the Dotsero CDP ...
near the junction of the
Colorado River
The Colorado River () is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. The river, the List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem), 5th longest in the United St ...
and the Eagle River.
[Sweeney, M.R., Grosso, Z.S. and Valentine, G.A., 2018. ''Topographic controls on a phreatomagmatic maar-diatreme eruption: Field and numerical results from the Holocene Dotsero volcano (Colorado, USA)''. ''Bulletin of Volcanology'', 80, pp.1-25.][Davey, J., 2021. ''Dotsero Volcano Field Trip Overview''. ''The Colorado Professional Geologist''. 42(4), pp. 14-20.]
History of Study
In 1888, the Dotsero Crater was first researched and described by P. H. Van Diest as part of his regional work on Colorado volcanic craters.
[Van Diest, P.H., 1888. ''Colorado volcanic craters''. ''Proceedings of the Colorado Scientific Society'', 1, pp.19-23.] Van Diest's research was followed by R. E. Lakes,
[Lakes, A., 1890. ''Extinct volcanoes in Colorado.'' ''American Geologist'', 5, pp.38-43.] along with descriptions of Upper Carboniferous gypsiferous deposits in the same area, in 1890. Lakes noted the highly explosive character of the volcanic deposits of the Dotsero Crater and proposed that it erupted "...within the human period." Much later in 1933, R. E. Landon attempted to establish the age of the Dotsero Crater 's volcanics by studying their relation to the topography of the area, including local terraces of the Eagle River. He concluded that this crater erupted during the Holocene Period; that this crater is a sinkhole; and the Eagle River was dammed by the Dotsero Crater's lava flow.
[Landon, R.E., 1933. ''Date of recent volcanism in Colorado.'' ''American Journal of Science, 5th series'', 25(145), pp.20-24.] In 1963, F. F. Giegengack
[Giegengack, F.F., 1962. ''Recent volcanism near Dotsero, Colorado,'' master’s thesis. Boulder, Colorado, University of Colorado at Boulder. 43 pp.] studied the pyroclastic deposits and lava flows associated with Dotsero Crater and their relationships to local Quaternary terraces, fans, and deposits. He concluded that this crater erupted during the Late Wisconsin age; its lava flow did not dam the Eagle River; and Dotsero Crater is definitely a volcanic crater. His and earlier research about Dotsero Crater is summarized by J. A. Rizo in 1971.
[Rizo, J.A., 1971. ''Geology of the Gypsum-Dotsero area, Eagle County,'' master’s thesis. Golden, Colorado, Colorado School of Mines. 94 pp., 3 plates]
E. E. Larson
[Larson, E.E., Ozima, M., and Bradley, W.C., 1975. ''Late Cenozoic basic volcanism in northwest Colorado and its implications concerning tectonism and origin of the Colorado River system.'' In: Curtis, B.F., ed, pp. 155-178. ''Cenozoic history of the southern Rocky Mountains, Geological Society of America Memoir 144''. Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America. 195 pp. ] and others in 1975 and P. T. Leat
[Leat, P.T., Thompson, R.N., Dickin, A.P., Morrison, M.A., and Hendry, G.L., 1989. ''Quaternary volcanism in northwestern Colorado: Implications for the roles of asthenosphere and lithosphere in the genesis of continental basalts''. ''Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research'', 37(3-4), pp.291-310] and others in 1989 briefly discussed the role of Dotsero Crater as part of regional volcanism in northwest Colorado in terms of both volcano-tectonism and geochemistry. Both papers provide only a very limited descriptions of the primary volcanic deposits at Dotsero Crater, some of which have since been altered or destroyed by either erosion, quarrying, or a combination of both. In 2011, M. C. Rowe and others
[Rowe, M.C., Peate, D.W., and Newbrough, A., 2011. ''Compositional and thermal evolution of olivine-hosted melt inclusions in small-volume basaltic eruptions: a “simple” example from Dotsero Volcano, NW Colorado''. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology'', 161, pp.197-211.] investigated the compositional evolution of the Dotsero Crater's magmas using the geochemistry and petrography of melt inclusions. They recognized that this crater is a maar and proposed that the eruption began with construction of scoria cones and lava flow, followed by maar-forming activity. Finally, in 2018, M. R. Sweeney and others
described in detailed the volcanic deposits and geologic context of Dotsero Crater. From their observations, they concluded that the eruption of Dotsero Crater progressed from initial effusive magmatic volcanism through a period of explosive phreatomagmatic maar-forming volcanism to a final period of explosive magmatic volcanism. They also concluded from the character and distribution of volcanic deposits that the locally irregular and mountainous pre-eruptive topography strongly influenced the accumulation of volcanic deposits around the crater.
Geology
The most prominent feature of the Dotsero maar and scoria cone complex is the Dotsero Crater. Its northern and southern crater rims are covered by variably welded
agglomerate
Agglomerate (from the Latin ''agglomerare'' meaning "to form into a ball") is a coarse accumulation of large blocks of volcanic material that contains at least 75% bombs. Volcanic bombs differ from volcanic blocks in that their shape records flui ...
which extend southward into the ravines tributary to the Eagle River Valley. Lithic-rich
lapilli tuff
Lapilli (: lapillus) is a size classification of tephra, which is material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts. ''Lapilli'' is Latin for "little stones".
By definition lapilli range from in diam ...
comprise the northeastern and southern crater rims. A blanket of lithic-poor lapilli tuff covers the surface as far as to the northeast from the maar. Small scoria cones occur along a NNE-SSW line on either side of the maar.
[Streufert, R.K., Kirkham, R.M., Schroeder, T.J., II, and Widmann, B.L., 2009, ''Geologic map of the Dotsero quadrangle, Garfield and Eagle Counties, Colorado''. ''Colorado Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF-08-14'', scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet, pamphlet.]
The maar is excavated into
Pennsylvanian Pennsylvanian may refer to:
* A person or thing from Pennsylvania
* Pennsylvanian (geology)
The Pennsylvanian ( , also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, on the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS geologic timesc ...
sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock formed by the cementation of sediments—i.e. particles made of minerals (geological detritus) or organic matter (biological detritus)—that have been accumulated or deposited at Earth's surface. Sedime ...
strata
In geology and related fields, a stratum (: strata) is a layer of Rock (geology), rock or sediment characterized by certain Lithology, lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by v ...
composed of reddish,
arkosic
Arkose () or arkosic sandstone is a detrital sedimentary rock, specifically a type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar.
Arkosic sand is sand that is similarly rich in feldspar, and thus the potential precursor of arkose. Components
...
sandstone
Sandstone is a Clastic rock#Sedimentary clastic rocks, clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of grain size, sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate mineral, silicate grains, Cementation (geology), cemented together by another mineral. Sand ...
s,
siltstone
Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt. It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content, which can be distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.
Although its permeabil ...
s,
mudrock
Mudrocks are a class of fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. The varying types of mudrocks include siltstone, claystone, mudstone and shale. Most of the particles of which the stone is composed are less than and are too small to ...
s,
evaporite
An evaporite () is a water- soluble sedimentary mineral deposit that results from concentration and crystallization by evaporation from an aqueous solution. There are two types of evaporite deposits: marine, which can also be described as oce ...
s, minor
conglomerates, and rare
limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
s. Strata of the
Maroon Formation are exposed in the present crater wall. Underlying the Maroon Formation are the Eagle Valley Evaporite,
Minturn Formation, and
Belden Shale. Beneath the floor of the maar, a
diatreme
A diatreme, sometimes known as a maar-diatreme volcano, is a volcanic pipe associated with a gaseous explosion. When magma rises up through a crack in Earth's crust and makes contact with a shallow body of groundwater, rapid expansion of heated ...
filled with volcanic debris and fragmented sedimentary rock extends over a kilometer beneath the surface.
From the Dotsero Crater, small lahars and basaltic lava flows extend down two narrow valleys to the floodplain of the Eagle River. The basaltic lava flow spreads out and covers a portion of the floodplain where they are as much as thick. These lava flows have diverted the Eagle River to the south side of the valley. Apparently, Dotsero Crater was formed after the eruption of the lava as thick beds of lava are absent in the area of the crater.
Interstate 70
Interstate 70 (I-70) is a major east–west Interstate Highway in the United States that runs from Interstate 15, I-15 near Cove Fort, Utah, to Interstate 695 (Maryland), I-695 and Maryland Route 570 (MD 570) in Woodlawn, Baltimo ...
cuts across the lava flow. At the base of the volcano is a
mobile home
A mobile home (also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is a prefabrication, prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or ...
park.
Eruptive Activity
The Dotsero maar and scoria cone complex is interpreted to have been formed by a single eruption which occurred in three phases of activity around 2220 BC ± 300. The eruption date is based upon
radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for Chronological dating, determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of carbon-14, radiocarbon, a radioactive Isotop ...
of wood found beneath the lava flows.
This eruption began with magmatic lava fountaining along a NE-SW trending fissure system that is aligned with the major axis of the Dotsero Crater. The lava fountaining deposited variably welded agglomerates on the northern maar rim and beneath the southern maar rim. This initial phase produced lava flows that filled in two ravines to the south; a small ravine to the east; and covered the floodplain of the Eagle River. The distribution of moderately to densely welded agglomerate suggests multiple vents were active along the NE-SW trending fissure system. The initial phase of this eruption ended with a short-lived explosive phase.
During two phases, the eruption was significantly more explosive as indicated by the phreatomagmatic excavation of a maar and deposition of lapilli tuff and accretionary lapilli. Because of the pre-existing topography, the eruption excavated a crater that possessed northeast and northwest rims that are higher than the southern and eastern crater rims. The offset rims and shape of the crater strongly controlled the direction and dynamics of explosive activity and the accumulation of lapilli tuff and accretionary lapilli deposits.
Following the formation of the maar, the eruption transitioned back to magmatic activity. This resulted the deposition of scoria as cones. The scoria cones are interpreted to have been result of violent Strombolian eruptions. The duration of the entire eruption from start to finish is unknown.
Dotsero, and all volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years, are more likely to become active again. The
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The agency was founded on Mar ...
considers it a moderate threat to impact air travel if it were to erupt.
[Ewert, J.W., 2007. ''System for ranking relative threats of US volcanoes''. ''Natural Hazards Review'', 8(4), pp.112-124.]
References
{{Authority control
Landforms of Eagle County, Colorado
Diatremes of Colorado
Maars of the United States
Dormant volcanoes
Volcanoes of Colorado