Dorsaninae
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The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a
taxonomic 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation ...
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of small to medium-sized
snails A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gas ...
, mostly marine
gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000  extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s in the clade
Neogastropoda Neogastropoda is an order of aquatic snails, both freshwater and marine gastropod molluscs. Description The available fossil record of Neogastropoda is relatively complete, and supports a widely accepted evolutionary scenario of an Early Cre ...
. These snails have rounded shells with a high
spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...
, an oval
aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...
, and a siphonal notch. This family of snails is found worldwide. These snails are found mostly in shallow water, on sandy or muddy substrates, often intertidally, but sometimes in deep water. They can be present in very large numbers in suitable habitat. Nassariidae are primarily active and lively
scavenger Scavengers are animals that consume Corpse decomposition, dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a he ...
s.


Subtaxa

, the
World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...
accepts the following 48 genera, arranged within 7 subfamilies.
Anentominae Anentominae is a subfamily of freshwater snail in the family Nassariidae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neo ...
E. E. Strong, Galindo & Kantor, 2017 * ''
Anentome ''Anentome'' is a genus of freshwater snails with Operculum (gastropod), opercula, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Anentominae of the family Nassariidae, a family, almost all of the rest of which are Marine (ocean), ma ...
'' Cossmann, 1901 * ''
Clea Clea is a female given name. Clea may refer to: People with the given name * Clea DuVall (born 1977), actress * Clea Hoyte (born 1981), West Indies cricketer * Clea Koff (born 1972), British-born American forensic anthropologist and author * ...
'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 * ''
Oligohalinophila ''Oligohalinophila'' is a genus of freshwater snails with opercula, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Anentominae of the family Nassariidae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of smal ...
'' Neiber & Glaubrecht, 2019 Bulliinae Allmon, 1990 * ''
Adinus ''Adinus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. Description The subulate shell is spirally striated. The columella is abruptly truncate at its base. The inner lip ...
'' H.Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * ''
Bullia ''Bullia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. Description The animal is without eyes. The tentacles are long and slender. The foot is greatly expanded, and bifid be ...
'' J.E. Gray, 1833 * '' Bulliopsis'' Conrad, 1862 †
Cylleninae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. These snails have rounded shells with a high spire, an oval apertur ...
Bellardi, 1882 * '' Cyllene'' J.E. Gray, 1834 * '' Neoteron'' Pilsbry & H. N. Lowe, 1932
Dorsaninae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. These snails h ...
Cossmann, 1901 * '' Akburunella'' V. P. Kolesnikov, 1935 † * '' Calophos'' Woodring, 1964 † * '' Cyllenina'' Bellardi, 1882 † * ''
Dorsanum ''Dorsanum'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Dorsaninae of the family Nassariidae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mos ...
'' J.E. Gray, 1847 * ''
Keepingia ''Keepingia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Dorsaninae of the family Nassariidae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mo ...
'' C. P. Nuttall & J. Cooper, 1973 † * '' Lisbonia'' K. van W. Palmer, 1937 † * '' Pseudocominella'' C. P. Nuttall & J. Cooper, 1973 † * '' Thanetinassa'' C. P. Nuttall & J. Cooper, 1973 † * '' Whitecliffia'' C. P. Nuttall & J. Cooper, 1973 †
Nassariinae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. These snails have rounded shells with a high spire, an oval apertur ...
Iredale, 1916 (1835) The operculum is ovate, acute and with an apical nucleus; the margin is entire or serrated. The eyes in some of the genera are near the base of the tentacles, in others near their middle, and are sometimes wanting. The
aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...
of the shell is either truncate, or with a short recurved
siphonal canal The siphonal canal is an anatomical feature of the shells of certain groups of sea snails within the clade Neogastropoda. Some sea marine gastropods have a soft tubular anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon through which water i ...
, and the inner
lip The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Mammal lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. sucklin ...
is usually callous and spreading over the
body whorl The body whorl is part of the morphology (biology), morphology of the gastropod shell, shell in those gastropod mollusks that possess a coiled shell. The term is also sometimes used in a similar way to describe the shell of a cephalopod mollusk ...
. * '' Buccitriton'' Conrad, 1865 † * ''
Caesia ''Caesia'' is a genus of herbs in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)"Hemerocallidoideae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 2016-06-10. native to Australia, New Guinea, Madagascar and Sou ...
'' H.Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * ''
Demoulia ''Demoulia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. Description The ovate-globose shell is covered with a downy epidermis. The spire is short, conical with a papillary ...
'' Gray, 1838 * ''
Ilyanassa ''Ilyanassa'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine gastropod mollus ...
'' W. Stimpson, 1865 * ''
Nassarius ''Nassarius'', common name nassa mud snails (USA) or dog whelks (UK), is a genus of minute to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Nassariidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Nassarius Duméril, 1806. In: Bouchet, P.; ...
'' Duméril, 1805 * ''
Nassodonta ''Nassodonta'' is a genus of brackish water snails, gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Nassodonta H. Adams, 1867. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.or ...
'' H.Adams, 1867 * '' Naytia'' H.Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * ''
Phrontis In Greek mythology, Phrontis (/fron-tis/; ) may refer to the following personages: ''Male'' * Phrontis, son of Phrixus and Chalciope, daughter of King Aeëtes, Aeetes. *Phrontis, son of Onetor and the steersman in Menelaus' vessel. Phrontis had ...
'' H.Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * '' Psilarius'' Woodring, 1964 † * ''
Reticunassa ''Reticunassa'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Reticunassa Iredale, 1936. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...
'' Iredale, 1936 * ''
Tritia ''Tritia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2016). Tritia. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...
'' Risso, 1826 * '' Yemeninassoides'' Bonfitto, 2024 Photinae J.E. Gray, 1857 * '' Antillophos'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Coraeophos'' Makiyama, 1936 † * '' Cymatophos'' Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941 † * ''
Engoniophos ''Engoniophos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily of the family Nassariidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Engoniophos Woodring, 1928. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.m ...
'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Europhos'' Landau, Harzhauser, İslamoğlu & C. M. Silva, 2013 † * '' Glyptophos'' Landau, C. M. Silva & Heitz, 2016 † * '' Judaphos'' P. Jung, 1995 † * ''
Metaphos ''Metaphos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Nassariidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Metaphos Olsson, 1964. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinesp ...
'' Olsson, 1964 * '' Microphos'' Dekkers & H. Dekker, 2020 * '' Northia'' Gray, 1847 * '' Philindophos'' Shuto, 1969 † * ''
Phos ''Phos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Phos Montfort, 1810. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php ...
'' Montfort, 1810 * '' Rhipophos'' Woodring, 1964 † * '' Strombinophos'' Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941 * '' Tritiaria'' Conrad, 1865 † Tomliniinae Kantor, Fedosov, Kosyan, Puillandre, Sorokin, Kano, R. Clark & Bouchet, 2021 * ''
Nassaria ''Nassaria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Tomliniinae of the family (biology), family Nassariidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Nassaria Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...
'' Link, 1807 * '' Pseudanachis'' Thiele, 1924 * ''
Tomlinia ''Tomlinia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Tomliniinae of the family Nassariidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Tomlinia Peile, 1937. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https:// ...
'' Peile, 1937 * '' Trajana'' J.A. Gardner, 1948


Taxonomic history

The family Nassariidae is closely related to the family of the true whelks,
Buccinidae The Buccinidae are a very large and diverse taxonomic family of large sea snails, often known as whelks or true whelks.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Buccinidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Ac ...
, because of their shared characteristics in the anatomy of the species in these families,), i.e. a long proboscis, the loss of glandular dorsal folds, and a smaller gland of Leiblein (a dorsal venom gland in the mid-oesophagus). According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Nassariidae consisted of four subfamilies: *
Nassariinae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. These snails have rounded shells with a high spire, an oval apertur ...
Iredale, 1916 (1835) - synonyms: Nassinae Swainson, 1835 (inv.); Cyclopsidae Chenu, 1859 (inv.); Cyclonassinae Gill, 1871; Alectrionidae Dall, 1908; Arculariidae Iredale, 1915 * Bullinae Allmon, 1990 (not recognized by Haitao LI ''et al.,'' 2010 ) *
Cylleninae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. These snails have rounded shells with a high spire, an oval apertur ...
L. Bellardi, 1882 *
Dorsaninae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. These snails h ...
Cossmann, 1901 - synonym: Duplicatinae Muskhelishvili, 1967 In 2006, Photinae Gray, 1857 was recognized. In 2017, Strong, Galindo & Kantor, 2017 recognized
Anentominae Anentominae is a subfamily of freshwater snail in the family Nassariidae The Nassariidae, Nassa mud snails (US), or dog whelks (UK) are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized snails, mostly marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neo ...
as a new subfamily.Strong, E. E., Galindo, L. A., & Kantor, Y. I. (2017). "Quid est ''Clea helena''? Evidence for a previously unrecognized radiation of assassin snails (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea: Nassariidae)". ''PeerJ'' 5: e3638. . Kantor et al. (2022) used molecular data to revise the classification of the
Buccinoidea Buccinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of very small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. This superfamily is in the clade Neogastropoda according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). It had been p ...
superfamily, proposing 20 taxa of family rank and 23 subfamilies. This included the description of a new subfamily of Nassariidae, Tomliniinae.


References


External links

*
Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642

Galindo, L. A.; Puillandre, N.; Utge, J.; Lozouet, P.; Bouchet, P. (2016). The phylogeny and systematics of the Nassariidae revisited (Gastropoda, Buccinoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 337-353
{{Authority control Gastropod families