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The ''dure'' () was a traditional system of collective labor within small farming communities in
Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...
. Farmers worked on each other's farms in order to increase total efficiency. Its practice differed by region, and there were numerous terms for and types of ''dure'', including (농사), (농계), (농청), (농악), (농기), (목청), (갹사), (동네논매기), (길쌈), (돌개기음). ''Dure'' is basically a social system that uses agricultural labor intensively and intensively at limited times. The ''dure'' is a representative of the material culture that has been jointly farming, and was the chief of the nation's peasant lifestyle. Most of the rice farming areas had ''dure'', because they developed with rice farming. And in the 17th-18th century, the development of the Yiang method resulted in a shortage of agricultural labor, which became a factor in the development of the ''dure''. A subcategory of ''dure'' is ''kilssam dure''. While ''dure'' are organizations of men involved in
rice farming Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice)—or, much less commonly, ' ...
, such as planting and rice paddies, ''kilssam dure'' are organizations of women in charge of domestic labor and field farming.


Origin

The origin of the ''dure'' is generally found in the ancient clan community, although differences exist depending on scholars. Even during the
Three Kingdoms period The Three Kingdoms of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu dominated China from AD 220 to 280 following the end of the Han dynasty. This period was preceded by the Eastern Han dynasty and followed by the Western Jin dynasty. Academically, the ...
, rice farming was performed, and it was the origin of the ''dure'', where people gathered and cultivated jointly for the purpose of farming. The dure was formed around the Samnam Area (삼남지방, 삼 usually refers to Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, Gyeongsang-do) gradually moved northward with the spread of the Yiang Act. The dure occurred in Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do among the Samnam Area the late 17th century, the Yi Ang Act spread not only to the south but also to the Gyoenggi-do. Also, ''kilssam'' (meaning weaving) ure is a joint labor organization organized for Kilssam. Women worked together to accomplish the difficult and tedious task of weaving together. While the dure is an organized labor pool, the Kilssam Dure is a small-scale, random exchange of labor in private. Women used to form Kilssam dure in domestic labor and planting, field planting and harvesting of various field crops.


History

Although the historical origin of the dure should go backward considerably, it began during the
Joseon Joseon ( ; ; also romanized as ''Chosun''), officially Great Joseon (), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The kingdom w ...
period with a systematic look that was passed down to modern Korean universities. The ''dure'' system was established under the Yiang Act (移秧法). As the Yiang Act was fully enforced, it was necessary to secure a large amount of labor at one time. The Yiang Act was a breakthrough method of farming that allowed the removal of the defective mother to increase productivity and make the plantation work However, the Yiang Act required collective and short-term labor. Collective planting had to take place during the spring and intensive labor was needed for the herbicide work. Since planting and gimaegi (weeding) were often performed simultaneously, the labor force was needed intensively in a short period of time during the spring and summer. Clearly, the Yiang Act has resulted in a decrease in labor and an increase in output, but the amount and intensity of unit-hour labor required to be put in have rather increased. Thus, in rural areas, the Dure organization, which organises the peasant culture and supplies the necessary labor, will inevitably emerge. The extinction of the dure can be divided into the extinction of the end of Japanese colonial rule, the immediate extinction of liberation, the end of the
Korean War The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...
, the disappearance of the 50s, the disappearance of the 60s, and the disappearance of the late 70s. The largest number of ''dure'' have disappeared from the end of the Japanese colonial rule until right after the Korean War. At the end of Japanese colonial rule, the dure disappeared due to forced labor, public delivery, and rural decomposition. It was widely practiced after liberation, but the war-torn society has led to the disappearance of the majority of the ''dure''. Remaining ''dure'' continued into the 1950s and then largely disappeared as Korea rapidly
industrialized Industrialisation ( UK) or industrialization ( US) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an economy for the ...
. In some cases, it may have been extended late, but it is very rare.


Operation

The ''dure'' was formed as a group of natural villages. However, when natural villages are small, they grouped together to form a dure. In case of a large village, one natural village was divided into a few and made a dure. In addition, a few natural villages joined under the name '''hap-dure to expand the size of the ''dure'' by combining several small groups of ''dure''. ''Dure'' had to have at least 10 members. This is because more than 10 people are efficient in working together and have the effect of increasing work. And the dure for agricultural production was mainly organized and operated intensively when the homogeneous work was carried out on
planting Sowing is the process of planting seeds. An area that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed or sown area. Plants which are usually sown Among the major field crops, oats, wheat, and rye are sown, grasses and legumes are ...
and rice paddies. The mobilization of the workforce under ''dure'' was basically compulsory. In each family, one ''jangjeong'' (person who could serve in the military), had to participate. In the Joseon period, military service was targeted at the ages of 16 to 60.


Types


Dong-Dure

Dong-Dure is a large-scale dure, which is organized by the entire village, this dong-dure organization carried out joint labor and organized the dure-gut according to strict rules.


Dure

While Dong-Dure is a mandatory organization of entire village, dure is a voluntary and partially organized work group based on mutual benefit only for joint processing of farming work.


Nongsa-Dure

It is a dure related to farm work. Examples include the gimaegi dure, which performs gimaegi, and the Pulbegi Dure, which cuts grass jointly.


Kilssam-Dure

It is a women's group derived mainly from a dure performed by women, and is a dure for weaving.


See also

*
Culture of Korea The traditional culture of Korea is the shared cultural and historical heritage of Korea before the division of Korea in 1945. Since the mid-20th century, Korea has been split between the North Korean and South Korean sovereign state, stat ...
* Nong-ak *
Cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
*
Agricultural cooperative An agricultural cooperative, also known as a farmers' co-op, is a producer cooperative in which farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activities. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural servic ...


References

{{Reflist Economy of Korea