Domovoi

In the Slavic religious tradition, Domovoy (, literally " he oneof the household"; also spelled ''Domovoi'', ''Domovoj'', and known as , (''Domovik''), (''Domovyk'') and (''Damavik'')) is the household spirit of a given kin. According to the Russian folklorist E. G. Kagarov, the Domovoy is a personification of the supreme Rod in the microcosm of kinship. Sometimes he has a female counterpart, Domania, the goddess of the household, though he is most often a single god. The Domovoy expresses himself as a number of other spirits of the household in its different functions.

Etymology and belief

The term ''Domovoy'' comes from the Indo-European root *''dom'', which is shared by many words in the semantic field of "abode", "domain" in the Indo-European languages (cf. Latin ''domus'', "house"). The Domovoy have been compared to the Roman ''Di Penates'', the '' genii'' of the family. Helmold ( 1120–1177), in his '' Chronica Slavorum'', alluded to the widespread worship of ''penates'' among the Elbe Slavs. In the ''Chronica Boemorum'' of Cosmas of Prague ( 1045–1125) it is written that Czech, one of the three mythical forefathers of the Slavs, brought the statues of the ''penates'' on his shoulders to the new country, and, resting on the mountain of the Rzip, said to his fellows:

The Domovoy are believed to protect the well-being of a kin in any of its aspects. They are very protective towards the children and the animals of the house, constantly looking after them. These gods are often represented as fighting with one another, to protect and make grow the welfare of their kin. In such warfare, the Domovoy of the eventual winner family is believed to take possession of the household of the vanquished rivals.

They are believed to share the joys and the sorrows of the family, and to be able to forebode and warn about future events, such as the imminent death of a kindred person, plagues, wars or other calamities which threaten the welfare of the kin. The Domovoy become angry and reveal their demonic aspect if the family is corrupted by bad behaviour and language. In this case, the god may even quit and leave the kin unprotected against illness and calamity.

Iconography and worship

The Domovoy is usually represented as an old, grey-haired man with flashing eyes. He may manifest in the form of animals, such as cats, dogs or bears, but also as the master of the house or a departed ancestor of the given family, sometimes provided with a tail and little horns. In some traditions the Domovoy are symbolised as snakes. Household gods were represented by the Slavs as statuettes, made of clay or stone, which were placed in niches near the house's door, and later on the mantelpieces above the ovens. They were attired in the distinct costume of the tribe to which the kin belonged.

Sacrifices in honour of the Domovoy are practised to make him participate in the life of the kin, and to appease and reconcile him in the case of anger. These include the offering of what is left of the evening meal, or, in cases of great anger, the sacrifice of a cock at midnight and the sprinkling of the nooks and corners of the common hall or the courtyard with the animal's blood. Otherwise, a slice of bread strewn with salt and wrapped in a white cloth is offered in the hall or the courtyard while the members of the kin bow towards the four directions reciting prayers to the Domovoy.

The Domovoy is believed to be somehow connected with the house building itself, so sacrifices are also practised when a family moved to a newly built house to invite the god to inhabit it. In this case, a hen and the first slice of bread cut for the first dinner in the new house are offered to the god and buried in the courtyard, reciting the formula:

Similar rituals are practised to invite a Domovoy to transfer from one house to another, and to welcome him.

Other household deities

Other household gods, or expressions of the Domovoy, are:
* Dvorovoy – tutelary deity of the courtyard
* Bannik – "Bath Spirit", the tutelary deity of the private or public bathhouses, who corresponds to the Komi ''Pyvsiansa''
* Ovinnik (Belarusian: Joŭnik) – "Threshing Barn Spirit"
* Prigirstitis – known for his fine hearing
* Krimba – household goddess among the Bohemians
* The lizard-shaped Giwoitis

Alternative naming

Some English-speaking authors interpret the name ''domovoy'' as "house elf".

The Slavic languages and their local forms have variations of the term ''Domovoy'' and alternative names to describe the household god, including:

* Děd, Dĕdek, Děduška (names of this form convey the concept of "grandfather", Czech)
* Did, Didko, Diduch, Domovyk (Ukrainian)
* Damavik (Belarusian)
* Dedek, Djadek
* Šetek, Šotek (Czech)
* Skřítek (Czech)
* Škrata, Škriatok (Slovak)
* Škrat, Škratek (Slovenian)
* Skrzatek, Skrzat, Skrzot (Polish)
* Chozyain, Chozyainuško (Russian) (meaning literally "master" and "little master")
* Stopan (Bulgarian)
* Domovníček, Hospodáříček (Czech)
* Domaći (Croatian)
* Zmek, Smok, Ćmok (snake form)

The female counterpart ''Domania'' can appear as:

* Domovikha ()
* Damavukha ()
* Kikimora
* Marukha
* Volossatka

The household spirit may also be called Zhikharko ( in northern governorates of Russia. It is described as short, disheveled, with a big beard, good-natured, harmless and a big joker.

See also

* Ancestor worship
* Hob (folklore) Anglo-Scots household spirit
* Brownie (folklore)
* Deities of Slavic religion
* Household deity
* Huldufolk
* Slavic paganism
* Slavic Native Faith

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General and cited sources

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Slavic gods
Slavic paganism
Slavic tutelary deities
Slavic household deities