Doljabi

''Dol'' () or ''doljanchi'' () is a Korean tradition that celebrates a baby's first birthday.

The tradition has been practiced since the early Joseon period. The ceremony typically involves the ritual offering of a '' samsinsang'' to the god Samsin (who is said to watch over children), the preparation of a ''dolsang'' with various foods and ritual objects, and a ''doljabi'' (based on the Chinese '' zhuazhou''), where children are encouraged to pick up an object that is said to predict their future.

The practice has changed over time. Traditionally, the ''doljanchi'' was held at the family home and involved a number of ritual offerings. Now, the practice is often held at reserved venues and is celebrated as a secular party. Its practice has also spread internationally with the Korean diaspora.

Background

''Dol'' is a native Korean measure word for a child's age.

First birthdays for children have been consistently cherished in Korea. This was especially so in the past, when infant mortality was high. Across social classes and generations, the ''doljanchi'' has marked a significant milestone for families, and involves celebrations and rituals that express hope for the child's health and future.

Description of traditional practice

Preparation

Traditionally, on the morning of the ceremony, the family prepares a ritual food offering called '' samsinsang'' (). The offering is dedicated to a god called Samsin, who is said to watch over the wellbeing of children. The most basic form of the offering consists of '' miyeok-guk'', rice, and ritually pure water (), and is placed by the mother of the child in generally the ''anbang'' (private room for women). The family then eats a meal of ''miyeok-guk'' and rice.

The child is then dressed in ornate traditional Korean clothing. Boys wear ''jeogori'', '' baji'', '' jokki'', ''magoja'', ''durumagi'', and blue '' kwaeja'', as well as a '' bokgeon'' on their head and ''beoseon'' on their feet. Girls wear a colorful ''jeogori'' (sometimes a ''dangui'') with a red '' chima''. On their head they wear a '' jobawi'' or '' gulle'', and on their feet they wear '' tarae beoseon''. All children wear a ''doltti'' around their chest and ''doljumeoni'' on their waist.

Guests are invited to the ''doljanchi''. The guests generally bring gifts for the child and family, including money, rice, thread, silverware, furniture such as tables, blankets, jewelry, and clothing. One traditional gift is a ''dolbanji'', a solid gold ring. This custom originated from Chinese immigrants to Korea in the early 20th century.

''Dolsang''

A ''dolsang'' () is then prepared, and traditionally placed in either the ''anbang'' or the ''daecheong'' (common floor space of the household). The table itself is traditionally round (), in order to avoid having corners that the child can bump into. A '' byeongpung'' (Korean folding screen) is often placed behind the table.'''' The table usually has two types of objects: ritual objects and food. The ritual objects are relevant for the ''doljabi'' ceremony.

Foods are piled high in decorative fashion on the table. Examples of foods include fruit, vegetables, grilled foods, rice, noodles, ''miyeok-guk'', '' jeon'', ''yakgwa'', and '' gangjeong''.'''' Particularly popular, and increasingly so in recent years, are rice cakes: ''songpyeon'', '' baekseolgi'', '' gaepi-tteok'', red bean ''gyeongdan'', and ''injeolmi''. These foods can have various symbolic meanings. For example, ''baekseolgi'' can express wishes for a clean and pure spirit. ''Songpyeon'', which look plump, can express wishes that the child will always be well fed.'''' Red bean ''gyeongdan'' symbolize warding off bad luck.

''Doljabi''

''Doljabi'' (돌잡이) is a ritual ceremony held during the ''doljanchi.'' The child is placed in front of the ''dolsang'', and told to pick up any of the various ritual objects on the table. These objects have symbolic meaning; it is believed that whichever object the child picks up first represents what the child will have luck with in the future.''''

Examples of objects and their meanings include books, ink, brushes, or paper (intelligence and success in the civil service examinations); money (wealth); rice (having enough to eat or wealth''''); bows or swords (martial talent'''' or bravery), sewing equipment (household skills), and threads or noodles (longevity).''''Parents and relatives often coax the child to choose certain objects, although children do not always follow these wishes.''''

Other traditions

After the ceremony, hosts can distribute ''tteok'' to their neighbors. In turn, the neighbors can offer their own gifts, such as money, rice, or thread. These gifts were traditionally put inside the same container used to bring the ''tteok''.''''

History

The practice emerged possibly around the Joseon period, with early attestations to the practice amongst the ''yangban'' class around the mid-16th century. ''Doljabi'', which descends from the Chinese ritual ''zhuazhou'', is attested to during this period. It also became practiced by Korean royalty; in 1791, the future king Sunjo picked up arrows and an instrument during his ''doljabi''. The royal household then distributed rice cakes to government ministers, royal guards, servants, and commoners in the streets. The ceremony is attested to in Joseon-era texts such as the ' and ''Chibong yusŏl''.

Modern practices

The practice and its interpretation has evolved over time, especially as infant mortality is no longer high. The ceremony is now an industry, with various services expressly for the ceremony available. Venues such as hotels and banquet halls can be booked. Recent ''doljanchi'' have involved practices such as inviting people to a banquet hall, serving catered food, and hiring professionals such as photographers, stylists, and emcees. Gift bags can be given out to guests. ''Hanbok'' can be rented for the ceremonies. Some see the ceremony as an opportunity to demonstrate wealth or status. In response to this, some have intentionally opted to hold more intimate and frugal ceremonies.

Gifts given at ''doljanchi'' have also changed over time. Rice and clothes were common gifts until the mid-1950s. In the early 20th century, the practice of giving gold at such ceremonies reportedly arrived from China. In recent years, some have opted to give cash instead of gold, depending on the price of the metal.

Pre-prepared kits for ''doljanchi'' have been attested to being sold online, on e-commerce websites such as Amazon and Etsy.

The practice has been observed in the Korean diaspora and in mixed culture families. For example, a Korean American ceremony had the ceremony as an outdoor picnic with a mix of Korean and American foods.

The objects represented in ''doljabi'' have varied. Examples include stuffed animal toys (becoming a veterinarian), stethoscopes (becoming a doctor), gavels (becoming a judge), microphones (becoming an entertainer), computer mice (working in tech), and passports (becoming a diplomat).

In popular culture

* In 2023, a ''Mickey Mouse Funhouse'' episode entitled ''The What About Me Birthday'' depicted a ''doljanchi''.
* It appears in season 1 episode 8 of the TV series ''Pachinko''.

See also

* Korean birthday celebrations
*East Asian age reckoning
* Agra Hadig, an Armenian ritual similar to ''doljabi''

References

External links

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Childhood rites of passage
Birthday culture
Cultural history of Korea
Korean traditions