Dodonaea Macrossanii
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

''Dodonaea'', commonly known as hop-bushes, is a genus of about 70 species of
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s in the
soapberry Soapberry is a common name for several flowering plants both native to the Americas and may refer to: * ''Sapindus ''Sapindus'' is a genus of about thirteen species of shrubs and small trees in the lychee family, Sapindaceae and tribe Sapindea ...
family,
Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include Aesculus, horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The ...
. The genus has a
cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and en ...
in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia and Australasia, but 59 species are
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
to Australia. Plants in the genus ''Dodonaea'' are shrubs or small trees and often have sticky foliage, with
simple Simple or SIMPLE may refer to: *Simplicity, the state or quality of being simple Arts and entertainment * ''Simple'' (album), by Andy Yorke, 2008, and its title track * "Simple" (Florida Georgia Line song), 2018 * "Simple", a song by John ...
or
pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and ...
leaves arranged alternately along the stems. The flowers are male, female or
bisexual Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior toward both males and females. It may also be defined as the attraction to more than one gender, to people of both the same and different gender, or the attraction t ...
and are borne in leaf axils or on the ends of branchlets and lack petals. The fruit is an angled or winged capsule.


Description

Plants in the genus ''Dodonaea'' are shrubs or small trees that typically grow to a height of and are
dioecious Dioecy ( ; ; adj. dioecious, ) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproduction is ...
,
monoecious Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in seed plants where separate male and female cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy, and contras ...
or
polygamous Polygamy (from Late Greek , "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, it is called polygyny. When a woman is married to more than one h ...
and often have sticky foliage. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems and are simple or pinnate. The flowers have three to seven
sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...
s but that fall of as the flowers mature, but no petals. There are six to sixteen
stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...
s (except in female flowers), the filaments shorter than the
anthers The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filamen ...
, the
style Style, or styles may refer to: Film and television * ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal * ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film * ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film * '' ...
is threadlike and the
ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...
in female flowers has two to six
carpels Gynoecium (; ; : gynoecia) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ...
. The fruit is a two to six angled or winged capsule.


Taxonomy

The genus ''Dodonaea'' was first formally described in 1754 by
Philip Miller Philip Miller Royal Society, FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botany, botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular ...
in ''
The Gardeners Dictionary ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' is a widely cited reference series written by Philip Miller Philip Miller Royal Society, FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botany, botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gard ...
'' and the first species he described was ''
Dodonaea viscosa ''Dodonaea viscosa'', also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the ''Dodonaea'' (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in Tropics, tropical, Subtropics, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa ...
''. The genus name (''Dodonaea'') honours Dodonaeus, (the latinised form of
Dodoens Rembert Dodoens (born Rembert van Joenckema, 29 June 1517 – 10 March 1585) was a Flemish physician and botanist, also known under his Latinized name Rembertus Dodonaeus. He has been called the father of botany. Life Dodoens was born Rembe ...
), a
Flemish Flemish may refer to: * Flemish, adjective for Flanders, Belgium * Flemish region, one of the three regions of Belgium *Flemish Community, one of the three constitutionally defined language communities of Belgium * Flemish dialects, a Dutch dialec ...
physician A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the Medical education, study, Med ...
and
botanist Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...
.


Systematics

''Dodonaea'' is one of the largest genera in the
Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include Aesculus, horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The ...
, and includes 70 species widely distributed in continental Australia. The only other species of the ''Dodonaea'' widely spread beyond mainland Australia, ''Dodonaea viscosa'', is believed to be one of the world's most greatly disseminated transoceanic plants. The first attempts to distinguish infrageneric categories within genus ''Dodonaea'' were based on leaf morphology, specifically, two sections - ''Eu-Dodonaea'' (simple leaves) and ''Remberta'' (pinnate leaves) were differentiated. Later this sectional classification was expanded by Bentham, who included 39 species in five series - four simple-leaved series further divided on capsule-appendage morphology (series ''Cyclopterae, Platypterae, Cornutae and Apterae'') and one pinnate-leaved species (series ''Pinnatae''). Later the genus was reviewed extensively two times. Radlkofer identified ''Dodonaea'' as a part of the tribe ''Dodonaeeae'', within ''Dyssapindaceae'', together with ''Loxodiscus, Diplopeltis'' and ''Distichostemon''. ''Dodonaea'' and ''Distichostemon'' share similar morphological characteristics which include plants having regular flowers without petals and an intrastaminal disc. Therefore, these two genera are considered to be closely related. 54 ''Dodonaea'' species identified by Radlkofer were divided into three series (''Cyclopterae, Platypterae'' and ''Aphanopterae'') and six subseries. Another revision of the genus was proposed by West, where ''Dodonaea'' were divided into six species groups by using a combination of characters. Species with the most primitive characters were classified in Group 1 and Group 6 included plants with the most derived states. For instance, the character of an aril possession was recognized as a derived trait. The most recent molecular study of phylogenetic relationships within the genus revealed some discrepancy with the previously stated hypotheses of morphological evolution within ''Dodonaea'' which classified taxa by the combination of leaf, capsule (botany), capsule and seed characters. As in preceding morphological research, species with compound leaves were identified in several clades, interspersed among species with simple leaves (e.g. ''D. humilis'' is the only species in Clade I with imparipinnate leaves). The breeding system has great variation across the phylogeny, and although most species are dioecious, sometimes some species may differ from this state being monoecious. Most genera in ''Sapindaceae'' are dioecious, however, most closely related to ''Dodonaea'' in the phylogeny (''Diplopeltis, Diplopeltis stuartii'' and ''Cossinia'') are monoecious. It has also been reported that whereas normally breeding system in ''Harpullia'' is dioecism, a few species have also been recognized as monoecious. It was stated that during evolution a general breeding-system across the phylogeny was dioecism, however, the polygamous state was intermediate or, might be partially reversible. Molecular data supports an evidence that monophyly of ''Dodonaea'' includes all species of ''Distichostemon''. It is also supported by the morphological characters as synapomorphies of flowers with reduced petal number and with a highly reduced intrastaminal disk, the trait which is absent in staminate flowers. Both West and Radlkofer used an aril presence or absence as a character to define species groups. All the main clades of ''Dodonaea'' and also two species of ''Diplopeltis'' have small funicular arils. Seeds of ''Dodoneae viscosa, D. viscosa'' have very small funicular aril, and are harvested by ''Pheidole'' ants and deposited in middens outside the nest after the elaiosome has been consumed. Bayes estimator, Bayesian MCMC estimation of ''Dodonaea'' phylogeny supported the hypothesis that two species of ''Cossinia'' are sisters to ''Diplopeltis'' and ''Dodonaea''. Nevertheless, Diplopeltis is identified as a paraphyletic group. The monophyly of ''Dodonaea'' is well supported by Bayesian MCMC estimation (1.00 posterior probability, PP). ''
Dodonaea viscosa ''Dodonaea viscosa'', also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the ''Dodonaea'' (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in Tropics, tropical, Subtropics, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa ...
'' is placed within the Clade IV, being closely related to ''Dodonaea biloba, D. biloba'', ''Dodonaea procumbens, D. procumbens'' and ''Dodonaea camfieldii, D. camfieldii''. It is known that ''D. viscosa'' and ''D. camfieldii'' evolved in Australia from their most recent common ancestor.


Species

As of April 2024, the following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online in the genus ''Dodonaea'': *''Dodonaea adenophora'' Miq. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea amblyophylla'' Diels (W.A.) *''Dodonaea amplisemina'' K.A.Sheph. & Barbara Lynette Rye, Rye (W.A.) *''Dodonaea aptera'' Miq. – coast hop-bush (W.A.) *''Dodonaea arnhemica'' (S.T.Reynolds) M.G. Harrington, M.G.Harr. (N.T.) *''Dodonaea barklyana'' (S.T.Reynolds) M.G.Harr (N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea baueri'' Endl. (S.A.) *''Dodonaea biloba'' J.G.West (Qld.) *''Dodonaea boroniifolia'' G.Don – fern-leaf hop-bush, hairy hop-bush (N.S.W., Qld., Vic.) *''Dodonaea bursariifolia'' F.Muell. – small hop-bush (W.A., S.A., N.S.W., Vic.) *''Dodonaea caespitosa'' Diels (W.A.) *''Dodonaea camfieldii'' Joseph Maiden, Maiden & Ernst Betche, Betche (N.S.W.) *''Dodonaea ceratocarpa'' Endl. (W.A) *''Dodonaea concinna'' Benth. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea coriacea'' (Alfred James Ewart, Ewart & O.B.Davies) Donald McGillivray (botanist), McGill. (W.A., N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea divaricata'' Benth. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea dodecandra'' (Domin) M.G.Harr. (Qld.) *''Dodonaea ericoides'' Miq. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea falcata'' J.G.West (N.S.W., Qld.) *''Dodonaea filifolia'' Hook. (Qld.) *''Dodonaea filiformis'' Link (Tas.) *''Dodonaea glandulosa'' J.G.West (W.A.) *''Dodonaea hackettiana'' W.Fitzg. – Hackett's hopbush (W.A.) *''Dodonaea heteromorpha'' J.G.West (N.S.W., Qld.) *''Dodonaea hexandra'' F.Muell. – horned hop bush (S.A., Vic., W.A.) *''Dodonaea hirsuta'' Maiden & Betche (N.S.W., Qld.) *''Dodonaea hispidula'' Endl. (W.A., N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea humifusa'' Miq. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea humilis'' Endl. – limestone hop-bush (S.A.) *''Dodonaea inaequifolia'' Turcz. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea intricata'' J.G.West – Gawler Ranges hop bush (S.A., Qld.) *''Dodonaea lagunensis'' M.E.Jones (North-west Mexico) *''Dodonaea lanceolata'' F.Muell. – pirrungu, yellow hop-bush (W.A., N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea larreoides'' Turcz. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea lobulata'' F.Muell. – bead hopbush, lobed hop-bush (W.A., S.A., N.S.W.) *''Dodonaea macrossanii'' F.Muell. & Scort. (Qld., N.S.W.) *''Dodonaea madagascariensis'' Radlk. (Madagascar) *''Dodonaea malvacea'' (Domin) M.G.Harr. (Qld.) *''Dodonaea megazyga'' (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. (N.S.W., Qld.) *''Dodonaea microzyga'' F.Muell. – brilliant hopbush **''Dodonaea microzyga'' var. ''acrolobata'' J.G.West (W.A.) **''Dodonaea microzyga'' F.Muell. var. ''microzyga'' (S.A., N.S.W., N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea multijuga'' G.Don. (Qld., N.S.W.) *''Dodonaea oxyptera'' F.Muell. (W.A., N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea pachyneura'' F.Muell. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea peduncularis'' Lindl. (Qld.) *''Dodonaea petiolaris'' F.Muell. (W.A., N.T., Qld., N.S.W.) *''Dodonaea physocarpa'' F.Muell. (W.A., N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea pinifolia'' Miq. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea pinnata'' Sm. – pinnate hop bush (N.S.W.) *''Dodonaea platyptera'' F.Muell. (W.A., N.T., Qld.) *''Dodonaea polyandra'' Merr. & L.M.Perry (Qld., New Guinea) *''Dodonaea polyzyga'' F.Muell. (W.A., N.T.) *''Dodonaea procumbens'' F.Muell. – trailing hop bush, creeping hop-bush (Vic., S.A., N.S.W.) *''Dodonaea ptarmicifolia'' Turcz. (W.A.) *''Dodonaea rhombifolia'' N.A.Wakef. – broad-leaf hop-bush (N.S.W., Vic.) *''Dodonaea rigida'' J.G.West *''Dodonaea rupicola'' C.T.White *''Dodonaea scurra'' K.A.Sheph. & Rachel A. Meissner, R.A.Meissn. *''Dodonaea serratifolia'' McGill. *''Dodonaea sinuolata'' J.G.West *''Dodonaea stenophylla'' F.Muell. *''Dodonaea stenozyga'' F.Muell. *''Dodonaea subglandulifera''J.G.West *''Dodonaea tenuifolia'' Lindl. *''Dodonaea tepperi'' F.Muell. ex Tepper *''Dodonaea triangularis'' Lindl. *''Dodonaea trifida'' F.Muell. *''Dodonaea triquetra'' J.C.Wendl. *''Dodonaea truncatiales'' F.Muell. *''Dodonaea uncinata'' J.G.West *''Dodonaea vestita'' Hook. *''
Dodonaea viscosa ''Dodonaea viscosa'', also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the ''Dodonaea'' (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in Tropics, tropical, Subtropics, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa ...
'' Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Jacq.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2719945 Dodonaea, Sapindaceae genera Taxa named by Philip Miller