A document type declaration, or DOCTYPE, is an instruction that associates a particular
XML
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing data. It defines a set of rules for encoding electronic document, documents in a format that is both human-readable and Machine-r ...
or
SGML
The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; International Organization for Standardization, ISO 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 states that generalized markup is "based on t ...
document (for example, a
web page
A web page (or webpage) is a World Wide Web, Web document that is accessed in a web browser. A website typically consists of many web pages hyperlink, linked together under a common domain name. The term "web page" is therefore a metaphor of pap ...
) with a
document type definition (DTD) (for example, the formal definition of a particular version of
HTML 2.0 - 4.0). In the
serialized form of the document, it manifests as a short string of
markup that conforms to a particular syntax.
The
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets ( ...
layout engines in modern
web browser
A web browser, often shortened to browser, is an application for accessing websites. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the browser retrieves its files from a web server and then displays the page on the user's scr ...
s perform DOCTYPE "sniffing" or "switching", wherein the DOCTYPE in a document served as
text/html determines a layout mode, such as "
quirks mode" or "standards mode". The
text/html serialization of
HTML5
HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language 5) is a markup language used for structuring and presenting hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. It was the fifth and final major HTML version that is now a retired World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommend ...
, which is not SGML-based, uses the DOCTYPE only for mode selection. Since web browsers are implemented with special-purpose HTML parsers, rather than general-purpose DTD-based parsers, they do not use DTDs and never access them even if a URL is provided. The DOCTYPE is retained in HTML5 as a "mostly useless, but required" header only to trigger "standards mode" in common browsers.
Syntax
The general syntax for a document type declaration is:
or
Document type name
The opening syntax is followed by separating syntax
(such as spaces,
or (except in XML) comments opened and closed by a doubled
ASCII hyphen),
followed by a ''document type name''
(i.e. the name of the root element that the DTD applies to trees descending from). In XML, the root element that represents the document is the first element in the document. For example, in XHTML, the root element is <html>, being the first element opened (after the doctype declaration) and last closed.
Since the syntax for the external identifier and internal subset are both optional,
the document type name is the only information which it is mandatory to give in a DOCTYPE declaration.
External identifier
The DOCTYPE declaration can optionally contain an ''
external identifier'', following the root element name (and separating syntax such as spaces), but before any internal subset.
This begins with either the keyword or the keyword ,
specifying whether the DTD is specified using a ''public identifier'' identifying it as a ''public text'', i.e. one shared between multiple computer systems (regardless of whether it is an ''available public text'' available to the general public, or an ''unavailable public text'' shared only within an organisation).
If the PUBLIC keyword is used, it is followed by the public identifier enclosed in double or single
ASCII
ASCII ( ), an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for representing a particular set of 95 (English language focused) printable character, printable and 33 control character, control c ...
quotation marks. The public identifier does not point to a storage location, but is rather a unique fixed string intended to be looked up in a table (such as an
SGML catalog);
however, in some (but not all) SGML profiles, the public identifier must be constructed using a particular syntax called
Formal Public Identifier (FPI), which specifies the owner as well as whether it is available to the general public.
The public identifier (if present) or keyword (otherwise) may (and, in XML, must)
be followed by a "system identifier" that is likewise enclosed in quotation marks. Although the interpretation of system identifiers in general SGML is entirely system-dependent (and might be a filename, database key, offset, or something else),
XML requires that they be
URIs.
For example, the FPI for XHTML 1.1 is and, there are 3 possible system identifiers available for XHTML 1.1 depending on the needs. One of them is the
URL reference . It means that the XML parser must locate the DTD in a system specific fashion, in this case, by means of a URL reference of the DTD enclosed in double quote marks.
In XHTML documents, the doctype declaration must always explicitly specify a system identifier. In SGML-based documents like HTML, on the other hand, the appropriate system identifier may automatically be inferred from the given public identifier. This association might e.g. be performed by means of a catalog file resolving the FPI to a system identifier. The keyword can (except in XML) also be used without a system identifier following, indicating that a DTD exists but should be inferred from the document type name.
Internal subset
The last, optional, part of a DOCTYPE declaration is surrounded by literal square brackets (), and called an ''internal subset''. It can be used to add/edit
entities or add/edit PUBLIC keyword behaviors. It is possible, but uncommon, to include the entire DTD in-line in the document, within the internal subset, rather than referencing it from an external file.
Conversely, the internal subset is sometimes forbidden within simple SGML profiles, notably those for basic HTML parsers that don't implement a full SGML parser.
If both an internal DTD subset and an external identifier are included in a DOCTYPE declaration, the internal subset is processed first, and the external DTD subset is treated as if it were transcluded at the end of the internal subset. Since earlier definitions take precedence over later definitions in a DTD, this allows the internal subset to override definitions in the external subset.
Example
The first line of a World Wide Web page may read as follows:
This document type declaration for XHTML includes by reference a DTD, whose public identifier is
-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN and whose system identifier is
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd. An entity resolver may use either identifier for locating the referenced external entity. No internal subset has been indicated in this example or the next ones. The root element is declared to be
html and, therefore, it is the first tag to be opened after the end of the doctype declaration in this example and the next ones, too. The HTML tag is not part of the doctype declaration but has been included in the examples for orientation purposes.
Common DTDs
Some common DTDs have been put into lists. W3C has produced a list of DTDs commonly used in the web, which contains the "bare" HTML5 DTD, older XHTML/HTML DTDs, DTDs of common embedded XML-based formats like
MathML
Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) is a pair of mathematical markup languages, an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content. Its aim is to natively integrate mathematical formulae ...
and
SVG as well as "compound" documents that combine those formats. Both W3C
HTML5
HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language 5) is a markup language used for structuring and presenting hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. It was the fifth and final major HTML version that is now a retired World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommend ...
and its corresponding WHATWG version recommend browsers to only accept XHTML DTDs of certain FPIs and to prefer using internal logic over fetching external DTD files. It further specifies an "internal DTD" for XHTML which is merely a list of HTML entity names.
HTML 4.01 DTDs
Strict DTD does not allow presentational markup with the argument that Cascading Style Sheets should be used for that instead. This is how the Strict DTD looks:
Transitional DTD allows some older PUBLIC and attributes that have been deprecated:
If
frames are used, the Frameset DTD must be used instead, like this:
XHTML 1.0 DTDs
XHTML
Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages which mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated.
While HTML, pr ...
's DTDs are also Strict, Transitional and Frameset.
XHTML Strict DTD. No
deprecated tags are supported and the code must be written correctly according to XML Specification.
XHTML Transitional DTD is like the XHTML Strict DTD, but deprecated tags are allowed.
XHTML Frameset DTD is the only XHTML DTD that supports Frameset. The DTD is below.
XHTML 1.1 DTD
XHTML 1.1 is the most current finalized revision of XHTML, introducing support for
XHTML Modularization. XHTML 1.1 has the stringency of XHTML 1.0 Strict.
XHTML Basic DTDs
XHTML Basic 1.0
XHTML Basic 1.1
HTML5 DTD-less DOCTYPE
HTML5
HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language 5) is a markup language used for structuring and presenting hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. It was the fifth and final major HTML version that is now a retired World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommend ...
uses a
DOCTYPE declaration which is very short, due to its lack of references to a DTD in the form of a URL or FPI. All it contains is the tag name of the root element of the document,
HTML. In the words of the specification draft itself:
, case-insensitively.
With the exception of the lack of a URI or the FPI string (the FPI string is treated case sensitively by validators), this format (a case-insensitive match of the string
!DOCTYPE HTML) is the same as found in the syntax of the SGML based HTML 4.01
DOCTYPE. Both in HTML4 and in HTML5, the formal syntax is defined in upper case letters, even if both lower case and mixes of lower case upper case are also treated as valid.
In
XHTML5 the
DOCTYPE must be a case-sensitive match of the string "". This is because in XHTML syntax all HTML element names are required to be in lower case, including the root element referenced inside the HTML5
DOCTYPE.
The
DOCTYPE is optional in XHTML5 and may simply be omitted. However, if the markup is to be
processed as both XML and HTML, a DOCTYPE should be used.
See also
*
Document type definition contains an
example
Example may refer to:
* ''exempli gratia'' (e.g.), usually read out in English as "for example"
* .example, reserved as a domain name that may not be installed as a top-level domain of the Internet
** example.com, example.net, example.org, an ...
*
RDFa
*
XML schema
An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself. These constrai ...
References
External links
{{Wikibooks, Authoring Webpages/HTML, XHTML and DOCTYPEs
HTML Doctype overview- an informative (not normative) W3C Quality Assurance publication
- another overview table
ast modified 27 November 2006/small>
Quirks mode and transitional mode
XML-based standards
SGML