Dock Square (Boston)

Dock Square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, is a public square adjacent to Faneuil Hall, bounded by Congress Street, North Street, and the steps of the 60 State Street office tower. Its name derives from its original (17th-century) location at the waterfront. From the 1630s through the early 19th century, it served boats in the Boston Harbor as "the common landing place, at Bendell's Cove," later called Town Dock. "Around the dock was transacted the chief mercantile business of the town." After the waterfront was filled in during the early 19th century, Dock Square continued as a center of commerce for some years. The addition in the 1960s of Government Center changed the scale and character of the square from a hub of city life, to a place one merely passes through.Robert Campbell and Peter Vanderwarker. Dock Square. Boston Globe, Oct 5, 1997. pg. 18. As of the 1950s the square has become largely a tourist spot, with the Freedom Trail running through it. John Winthrop, coming from Salem where he landed as a Puritan from England, ended up "setting up a dock at the head of the cove (now Dock Square), and here began the town of Boston, which soon was recognized as the political and economic center of the assachusetts Baycolony (Morgan 61).

History

17th-19th centuries

For much of its long history, Dock Square has been a center of commerce in Boston. In the 17th and 18th centuries vendors would sell their wares (butter, fish, etc.) in the open, or from stalls. In 1733 a public market building opened, to some controversy (opponents disliked regulation). A few years later, anti-market sentiment had reached a boiling point: "in 1737 a mob disguised as clergymen turned out one wintry night ... and completely demolished the market house in Dock Square." In 1742 Faneuil Hall opened, again with mixed support. "Town records abound with complaints that Dock Square and other areas near Faneuil Hall were cluttered with carts and market paraphernalia, the market people apparently preferring standing outside the market to paying for a stall inside it and submitting to its other regulations." By 1764, it was illegal for vendors to place "'any horse, cart, carriage, stall, stand, bench, block, provisions or incumbrance in or upon ... Dock Square'" and "townspeople were urged not to buy from persons selling in Dock Square or nearby streets."

Buying and selling of slaves also took place in Dock Square (and elsewhere in town), for instance by "Capt. Thomas Smith, Dock Square, slave boy at 14" in 1717; and in the Sun Tavern in 1727: "On Thursday ... will be sold by publick vendue at the Sun Tavern on Dock Square at five a clock p.m. Four likely negros, and sundry sort of merchandize, all to be seen at the place of sale from two of the clock till the sale begins."

One typical 1723 newspaper advertisement declares of a store in Dock Square: "Just arrived from London and to be sold by Mr. John Williams at his ware-house, next door to the Golden-Ball, on Dock Square, Boston, choice Bohea tea, at twenty shilling per pound, and very good Cheshire cheese; as also sundry other sorts of European goods." In 1789, tenants in the square included innholder Mrs. Baker (at the " sign of the Punch-bowl"); dry-goods dealer John Brazer; grocer William Saxton. In 1805: E. Bonnemort's snuff shop; ship chandler Samuel Browning; innkeeper Elijah Dagget; druggist Eliakim Morse; hardware dealers John Odin and William Whitwell; Aaron Richardson's feather-store; auctioneer Benjamin Tucker; cardmakers William Whittemore & Co. In the early 19th century, Samuel Eliot, (father of future mayor Samuel Eliot) ran "what might today be called a department store in Dock Square. He dealt in everything from diapers to tombstones."

20th-21st centuries

In the middle of the 20th century the square and environs became increasingly surrounded by automotive traffic and tall buildings. Interstate 93 was constructed nearby. In the 1960s some of the smaller streets and pedestrian passageways were demolished — including Brattle Street and Cornhill, abutting Dock Square — to make way for the construction of the large-scale, brutalist Boston City Hall and similar structures in the Government Center complex.

Image gallery

Image:1635 BendellsCove Boston map byGeorgeLamb.png, Detail of map of Boston showing Bendell's Cove in 1635 (which later became Town Dock and Dock Square, c. 1708)A record of the streets, alleys, places, etc. in the city of Boston. 1910
Image:SavageHouse DockSq Boston HABS MA305.jpg, Savage house, 30 Dock Sq., built early 18th century, demolished 1926
Image:1738 TownDock BostonbyJamesBlake BPL12986.png, Dock Sq. and Town Dock, 1738
Image:1803 Whitwell DockSq Boston.png, Advertisement for William Whitwell's hardware shop, c. 1803
Image:WashingtonSt 1860s DockSq Boston.png, Dock Sq. and Washington St., c. 1860s
Image:Lovell DockSq BostonDirectory 1861.png, Advertisement for Lovell's gun shop, 1861
Image:View of unidentified street with commercial buildings, trolley tracks, and buggies, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg, View of Dock Sq., Faneuil Hall (at right), 19th century
Image:2885427158 DockSquare Boston 1898.jpg, Dock Square, including Sun Tavern, c. 1898
Image:2590384088 DockSq Boston.jpg, Dock Square, 1920
Image:2010 DockSq Boston.jpg, Dock Square and Congress St., 2010, with view of Anne Whitney's statue of Samuel Adams
Image:Dock Square. Faneuil Hall Sq. Washington, Elm, Congress and Devonshire Streets - DPLA - 6a8d62f032338e9f1e073b5ae8a213ed.jpg, Dock Square in 1957

See also

* Faneuil Hall, built 1742
* Old Feather Store (1680–1860)
* Anne Whitney, sculptor of Sam Adams statue (1880) in Dock Sq.

References

Morgan, Edmund S., The Puritan Dilemma The STory of John Winthrop, Harper Collins, 1958.

Further reading

* Thomas Tileston Waterman, "The Savage House, Dock Square, Boston, Mass.," Old Time New England 17, no. 3 (January 1927).

External links

Bostonian Society
has materials related to the square.

Boston Public Library
A draught of Boston Harbor by Capt. Cyprian Southake. 1694 map, showing "Dock."
* City of Boston Archives
Dock Square and Faneuil Hall
c. 1960s

Google News Archive
Articles related to Dock Sq., Boston

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Squares in Boston
History of Boston
Government Center, Boston