Diyi

(; ), also called known as () and (), is the historical Chinese attire worn by the empresses of the Song dynasty and by the empresses and crown princesses (wife of crown prince) in the Ming Dynasty. The also had different names based on its colour, such as , , and . It is a formal wear meant only for ceremonial purposes. It is a form of (), and is embroidered with long-tail pheasants ( or ) and circular flowers (). It is worn with known as () which is typically characterized by the absence of dangling string of pearls by the sides. It was first recorded as in the Zhou dynasty.

Terminology and forms

The has been worn by empresses and other royal noblewomen (differs according to different dynasties) since the Zhou dynasty.历代皇后最典型的翟衣
, XICI.net, Retrieved 2009-12-08 Since the Zhou dynasty, the continued to be worn in the Northern and Southern dynasties, Sui, Tang, Song, Ming dynasties under various names: in Zhou and Song dynasty, and in Han dynasty.

also has several forms, such as () which was dyed in indigo (), () which was dyed in red, and () which was dyed in black; they were all form of ritual clothing which was worn by royal women during ceremonies.

Cultural significance and symbolism

The follows the traditional Confucian standard system for dressing, which is embodied in its form through the system. The garment known as is itself the most orthodox style of clothing in traditional Chinese Confucianism; its usage of the concept of five colours, and the use of -pheasant bird pattern.

Pheasant pattern

The -bird pattern forms part of the Twelve Ornaments and is referred as (). The pattern of paired pheasant on the is called . The -bird pattern is symbolism for "brilliance"; and the bird itself is a type of divine birds of five colours which represents the Empress' virtue. These five colours (i.e. blue, red, black, yellow, white) also correspond to the five elements; and thus, the usage of -bird pattern aligns with the traditional colour concept in Confucianism.

Small circular flowers

The small circular flowers known as (), also known as (), which originated from the Buddhism's Rotating King and from the era of the Maurya dynasty. They are placed between each pair of -bird pattern on the robe. The little flowers looks like a small wheel-shaped flower.

system

The use of for women does not only represent its wearer's noble status but also represents the standard of being faithful to her spouse undo death. The was the most appropriate ceremonial clothing style of clothing for the Empress due to its symbolic meaning: it represented the ''harmony between Heaven, earth, and space''. The consists of an upper garment and a lower garment which represents the concept of ''Heaven and Earth'' (); the upper garment is made of 4 panels of fabric representing the four seasons, and the lower garment is made of 12 panels of fabric which represents the time of the year. The wide cuff sleeves are round-shaped to symbolize the sky and the Confucian's scholars' deep knowledge and integration while the right-angled collar is square shaped to represents the earth warning Confucians that they should have integrity and kindness; together, the sleeves and the right-angled collar represents ''space'' as the circle and the square of the world. The back of the is composed of two fabrics which are vertically sewed together and the large waist belt represents the privileged classes and is a symbolism for uprightness and honesty; it also meant fairness held by those with power.

History

Zhou dynasty

The ''huiyi'' is an ancient system which was first recorded in the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 BC – 256 BC). It was first recorded and codified in the Rites of Zhou (). Huiyi was the highest of the empresses' six occasional clothing (). The ''huiyi'' in Zhou dynasty was worn by the Empress as ceremonial clothing to pay respect during the ancestral shrine sacrifice which was the most important sacrificial event in which they could participate in. Following the Zhou dynasty, the subsequent dynasties perceived the ''huiyi'' as the highest form of ceremonial clothing. According to the Zhou dynasty rites, there were two types of black and blue clothing; however, there is currently no proof that the huiyi in the Zhou dynasty was black in colour.

Sui and Tang dynasty

The ''huiyi'' in Sui and Tang dynasties was also blue in colour.

Song dynasty

In the Song dynasty, the ''huiyi'' was the highest form of ceremonial clothing worn by the Empress; it was worn on important ceremonial occasions such as wedding, coronations, when holding court, and during ancestral shrine sacrifices. The Huiyi was made out of dark blue ''zhicheng'' (a kind of woven fabric). When empress wears the huiyi, she also needs to wear a phoenix crown, a blue inner garment and a dark blue bixi, with blue socks and shoes, along with a pair of jade pendants and other jade ornaments.

The early Song dynasty ''sanlitu'' () shows illustration of the ''huiyi'' as being a form of ''shenyi'' (), being deep blue and is decorated with ''di'' bird patterns.

In the ''Records of Chariots and Horses and Clothes'' written in the Yuan dynasty, the Song dynasty ''huiyi'' is described as being dark blue in colour and there are 12 lines of ''di'' birds which stand together in pair. There is a '' bixi'' (a knee covering) which hangs in the central region of the front skirt; the colour of ''bixi'' has the same colour as the bottom of the lower skirt. ''Di'' bird patterns can decorate the black, red collar edge in 3 lines. There is also a belt which is divided into a large belt made of silk (which is dark blue in with red lining with the upper surface part made of red brocade while the lower part made of green brocade) and narrow leather belt (which is cyan in colour decorated with white jade in pairs) is on top of the large silk belt. The socks are dark blue in colour; the shoes are also dark blue but decorated with gold ornaments.

The literature which describes the Song dynasty ''huiyi'' however does not always provide details (e.g. variations) which can be found in the Song dynasty court painting and some discrepancies can be found between the text and the paintings. From the several court portrait paintings of the Song dynasty, it is found that the ''huiyi'' was cross-collar closing to the right, with large and wide sleeves, and with cloud and dragons patterns ornamenting the collar, sleeves and placket, with a belt worn around the waist; and while all the huiyi were depicted as being deep blue in colour, they differed in shades of dark blue showing variation. Instead of being in three lines as described in the Yuan dynasty's records, in the Song paintings, the di bird pattern which decorates the belts is denser.

File:B Song Dynasty 1 Empress of Shenzong.JPG, Empress of Shenzong
File:Sitting Portrait of Song Dynasty Empress Xiang.jpg, Empress Xiang
File:B Song Dynasty D Empress of GuangZong.JPG, Empress of GuangZong
File:B Song Dynasty D Empress of QinZong.JPG, Empress of Qinzong
File:Empress of Zhenzong of Song.jpg, Empress of Zhenzong
File:B Song Dynasty D Empress of HuiZong.JPG, Empress of Huizong
File:Seated Portrait of Ningzong's Empress.jpg, Empress of Ningzong.
File:ImperatriceSongQinzong.jpg, Empress of Qinzong
File:Empress of Renzong of Song.jpg, Empress of Renzong
File:B Song Dynasty D Empress of GaoZong.JPG, Empress of Gaozong.

Ming dynasty

The Huiyi was also the ceremonial dress of the empress in the Ming dynasty. In the Ming dynasty, the huiyi was composed of the phoenix crown, the xiapei, an overdress and long-sleeved blouse. In the Ming dynasty, there are however different kinds of phoenix crowns depending on the ranks of its wearer: the one for the empresses is decorated with 9 dragons and 4 phoenixes, and the ones for the imperial concubines had 9 multicoloured pheasants and 4 phoenixes, and the other for the titled women was called a coloured coronet, which was not decorated with dragons or phoenixes but with pearls, feathers of wild fowls and flower hairpins. The quedi is dyed in red instead of blue.

File:China's Ming Dynasty Empress XiaoHe.JPG, Empress Xiaohe
File:China's Ming Dynasty Empress XiaoKe.jpg, Empress Xiaoke
File:China's Ming Dynasty Empress Xiaoding.jpg, Empress Xiaoding
File:China's Ming Dynasty Empress Xiaoduan.jpg, Empress Xiaoduan
File:Chinese Ming Dynasty Empress Xiaoduan.JPG, Empress xiaoduan wearing quedi.

Qing dynasty

File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic335 - 褘衣.svg, Illustration of a woman wearing ''huiyi'' (褘衣) from the Chinese encyclopedia ''Gujin Tushu Jicheng,'' between 1700 and 1725 AD.
File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic358 - 褘衣.png, Illustration of ''huiyi'' (褘衣) from the Chinese encyclopedia ''Gujin Tushu Jicheng,'' between 1700 and 1725 AD.

Modern Restoration

File:O1CN01uFtm4Y1PMoGTx1jIP !!0-item pic.jpg, Side view of diyi
File:O1CN01xyUpF61PMoGvRfGTX !!1115331827 - 50981532102.jpg, Rear view of diyi
File:Ming Dynasty empress attire.jpg, Restoration of Ming dynasty empress ''diyi''
File:Chinese Princess dress (Quedi).jpg, Quedi, red coloured diyi

Influences and derivatives

Japan

In Japan, the features of the Tang dynasty-style was found as a textile within the formal attire of the Heian Japanese empresses.

Korea

Korean queens started to wear the ''jeokui'' () in 1370 AD under the final years of Gongmin of Goryeo, when Goryeo adopted the official ceremonial attire of the Ming dynasty. In the Joseon dynasty, the official dress worn by queens was wearing the ''jeokui'' which was adopted from the Ming dynasty's diyi. The jeokui was a ceremonial robe which was worn by the Joseon queens on the most formal occasions. It was worn together with ''jeokgwan'' () in the late Goryeo and early Joseon, hapi (), pyeseul (). According to the Annals of Joseon, from 1403 to the first half of the 17th century the Ming dynasty sent a letter, which confers the queen with a title along with the following items: jeokgwan, a vest called baeja (), and a hapi. However, the jeokui sent by the Ming dynasty did not correspond to those worn by the Ming empresses as Joseon was considered to be ranked two ranks lower than Ming. Instead the jeokui which was bestowed corresponded to the Ming women's whose husband held the highest government official posts. The jeokdui worn by the queen and crown princess was originally made of red silk; it then became blue in 1897 when the Joseon king and queen were elevated to the status of emperor and empress.

In early Joseon, from the reign of King Munjong to the reign of King Seonjo, the queen wore a plain red ceremonial robe with wide sleeves (''daehong daesam''; , also referred as ''daesam'' for short). The daesam is believed to be similar in form to the Ming dynasty's daxiushan, which was worn by the titled court women of the first rank. The daesam was another garment which was bestowed by the Ming dynasty from the reign of King Munjong of early Joseon to the 36th year of King Seonjo's reign in 1603; it continued to be worn even after the fall of the Ming dynasty.

Following the fall of the Ming dynasty, Joseon established their own jeogui system. In the late Joseon, the daesam was modified to feature pheasant heads and a rank badge. In the Korea Empire, the blue jeokui was established for the Korea Empress. An example of the ''jeokui'' worn by the Korean empresses in Joseon can be seen in th
Cultural Heritage Administration website
The xiaolunhua (小輪花) motif are known as ihwa motif in Korea. The Korean ihwa motif were likely designed in 1750 when Joseon established their own jeokui system, and may have used ''The Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty'' (大明會典) as reference. By the Korea Empire, the ihwa motif was revised and became one of the primary emblem of the Korean empire.

The jeokgwan was the Chinese crown decorated with pheasant motifs; it was worn by the queens and princesses of the Ming dynasty. The jeokgwan originated from the ''bonggwan'' () which was worn from by the Chinese empresses. The jeokgwan was bestowed to Princess Noguk in late Goryeo by Empress Ma of Ming; it continued to bestowed in Joseon until the early 17th century. It stopped being bestowed after the fall of the Ming dynasty. In the late Joseon, the jeokgwan was changed into a big wig, called daesu which consisted with a gache and binyeo, following extensive reforms. The daesu was then worn until the end of Joseon.

2 variations of the diyi had been developed in Korea during the Joseon dynasty, and later in the Korean Empire. The developments were as follows:
* During the Joseon dynasty, the diyi was known as "''Chijeok-ui''" () or ''jeokui'', and is characterized as a predominant red outfit with a similarity to the ''wonsam''.
* During the Korean Empire, the ''chijeok-ui'' was later changed into the (original) blue with red trim similar to its Chinese model.

Diyi were worn by:
* Princesses Consort on their marriage to the Crown Prince and on major ceremonies ().
* Queens Consort on their coronation ceremony and on major ceremonies ().
* The King's subsequent Queens Consort on their marriage to the King.
*It was also worn by the queens and princesses when they visited the Royal Ancestors Shrine and when they were receiving morning visits from their retainers.

File:Korean royal costume for queen-Jeogui and daesu-03.jpg, Restoration of Korean queen's jeogui and daesu
File:Korea-Seoul-Royal wedding ceremony 1334-06.JPG, Chijeok-ui (赤翟衣)

Vietnam

According to the book, ''Weaving a Realm'' (Dệt nên triều đại) published b
Vietnam Centre
the diyi ( Sino-Vietnamese: Địch Y; 翟衣) was recorded as Huy Địch (褘翟) in Vietnam and was recorded in the book, Tang thương ngẫu lục 桑滄偶錄''.'' According to the Vietnam Centre, the diyi might have historically been worn by the Vietnamese empress in Vietnam due to the existence of this sole record so far:

See also

* Hanfu
* List of Hanfu
*Shenyi
* Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing

Notes and references

{{Types of Han Chinese clothing

Chinese traditional clothing