Disposition Of Ryukyu
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The , also called the or the annexation of Okinawa, was the political process during the early years of the
Meiji period The was an era of Japanese history that extended from October 23, 1868, to July 30, 1912. The Meiji era was the first half of the Empire of Japan, when the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonizatio ...
that saw the incorporation of the former
Ryukyu Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879. It was ruled as a Tributary system of China, tributary state of Ming dynasty, imperial Ming China by the King of Ryukyu, Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island t ...
into the
Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From Japan–Kor ...
as Okinawa Prefecture (i.e., one of Japan's Prefectures of Japan, "home" prefectures) and its decoupling from the Tributary system of China, Chinese tributary system. These processes began with the creation of the Ryukyu Domain in 1872 and culminated in the kingdom's annexation and final dissolution in 1879; immediate diplomatic fallout and consequent negotiations with Qing dynasty, Qing China, brokered by World tour of Ulysses S. Grant#South east asia (Siam, Burma, Singapore, Cochinchina) East Asia, China, Japan, Ulysses S. Grant, effectively came to an end late the following year. The term is also sometimes used more narrowly in relation to the events and changes of 1879 alone. The Ryūkyū Disposition has been "alternatively characterized as aggression, annexation, national unification, or internal reform".


Background

Early in the Edo period, with the Invasion of Ryukyu, invasion of 1609, the
Ryukyu Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879. It was ruled as a Tributary system of China, tributary state of Ming dynasty, imperial Ming China by the King of Ryukyu, Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island t ...
entered into a vassal-suzerain relationship with the Japanese Satsuma Domain, also sending Ryukyuan missions to Edo, a series of missions over the following two hundred and fifty years to Edo, the ''de facto'' capital of Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Japan. At the same time, the Kingdom continued its tributary relationship with Qing dynasty, Imperial China, both Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom, receiving and Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China, sending missions; this dual status is sometimes reflected through a Yojijukugo, four character idiom that means . Thus the political status of Ryukyu Islands, the Ryūkyūs vis-à-vis the rest of Japan was exceptional in at least three ways: part of the Han system, ''han'' system, but not directly; ruled over by Second Shō family, kings; and the locus of semi-autonomous diplomatic ties with foreign powers, despite ''sakoku'' or the "closed country" policy. The years following the Meiji Restoration of 1868 saw not only the Abolition of the han system, abolition of the ''han'' system (Ryūkyū subject for the time being to the jurisdiction of Kagoshima Prefecture) but also efforts to "consolidate" the borders of the new Empire of Japan, nation state. With the Mudan incident, the massacre of dozens of shipwrecked Ryukyuan people, Ryūkyūans (from the Miyako Islands) in Taiwan under Qing rule, Qing-ruled Taiwan in 1871, the "" was brought to the fore. In May the following year, negotiations with China over the incident still ongoing, Ministry of the Treasury, Vice Treasury Minister Inoue Kaoru proposed annexation of the Ryūkyūs, arguing that they had long been subordinate to Satsuma, and that their "return to Japanese jurisdiction" would allow for a "single system for the homeland".


Disposition

In the New Year of 1872, Narahara Shigeru and crossed to Ryūkyū where, in discussion with court officials, they agreed to waive the Kingdom's former debts to the Shimazu clan of Satsuma. Then in July, the Ryūkyū government was informed it should send its congratulations on the success of the Meiji Restoration. Prince Ie and Giwan Chōho, Ginowan Uēkata were duly dispatched to Tōkyō, arriving early in September. Meeting with the Meiji Emperor on the 14th, they presented their letter (originally signed by "King of Ryūkyū, Shō Tai, Kingdom of Ryūkyū", but amended in consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs to "Shō Tai of Ryūkyū") and listened to a speech by the Emperor in which he referred to the long history of subordinate status to Satsuma. The Emperor also had Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), Minister of Foreign Affairs Soejima Taneomi read out an Imperial Proclamation in which Shō Tai was elevated to (despite the earlier abolition of the han system). According to Gregory Smits, "Strictly speaking, the establishment of the Domain of Ryukyu marked the start of the ''Ryūkyū shobun.''" This was followed a fortnight later by a decree of the Dajō-kan whereby the treaties agreed in the 1850s between the Ryūkyūs and USA, France, and the Netherlands were inherited by Tōkyō. In May 1874, Japan launched a Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874), punitive expedition against Taiwan; Britain acting as mediator, in the peace settlement of 31 October that year, China not only agreed to pay an indemnity but also referred to the Ryūkyūans as , a fact described the following year by Gustave Boissonade as "the happiest outcome of the treaty". Meanwhile, on 12 July 1874, responsibility for the Ryūkyūs was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Home Ministry. In November 1874, the Ryūkyū government sent a Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China, tributary mission to China, drawing criticism from Home Minister Ōkubo Toshimichi, who set out in a report of enquiry a number of steps to be taken to address the Ryūkyū Domain's adherence to "ancient outdated laws" and failure to see "reason", while senior Domain officials were summonsed to Tōkyō. In March 1875, the Japanese government decided upon the "disposition" of the domain. Home Ministry official Matsuda Michiyuki was appointed and sent with over seventy envoys to Ryūkyū. Entering Shuri Castle on 14 July, they met with Prince Nakijin, Shō Tai being indisposed, and presented a list of nine demands: (1) an end to the sending of tributary and congratulatory missions to China, and (2) to the reception of Chinese envoys in return; (3) adoption of Japanese era names; (4) the dispatch of three officials to Tōkyō in relation to implementation of a new code of criminal law; (5) reform of Domain administration and hierarchies; (6) the dispatch of ten or so students to Tōkyō for study; (7) abolition of the Ryūkyū-kan in Fujian; (8) a visit to Tōkyō by the King; and (9) the establishment of a Japanese garrison. The local government agreed to the sending of officials and students and to a minimal garrison, while rejecting sole use of the Japanese ''nengō'', domestic reform (citing societal differences), and restriction of its diplomatic rights, excusing Shō Tai from travel due to his illness. In his report to Daijō-daijin, Premier Sanjō Sanetomi of 25 September, a frustrated Matsuda made mention of the possible future abolition of Ryūkyū Domain and establishment in its place of Okinawa Prefecture. In September 1876, a barracks was completed near the port of Naha and twenty-five soldiers from the Kumamoto garrison installed. Three months later, the Ryūkyū Domain sent a secret mission to China, where they drew attention to Japanese interference in their Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China, tributary missions. In 1878, Chinese diplomat He Ruzhang would meet twice with Minister of Foreign Affairs Terashima Munenori to complain of the end to diplomatic relations with Ryūkyū. A few months earlier, Ryūkyū representatives in Tōkyō sent secret letters to their US, French, and Dutch counterparts to complain of Japan's treatment and attempt to secure assistance. Some fourteen petitions were also submitted to the Japanese government, requesting a return to the old system of dual allegiance, arguing that "Japan is our father, China our mother", but meeting with the response that "to serve two emperors is like a wife serving two husbands". At the close of the year, Home Minister Itō Hirobumi having taken the decision to replace the domain with a prefecture, Ryūkyū officials were expelled from Tōkyō and their official residence in the city closed. In January 1879, Matsuda Michiyuki, Matsuda sailed south a second time, meeting with Domain officials in Shuri, Okinawa, Shuri and reading out a message from Sanjō Sanetomi demanding severance of diplomatic ties with China. By letter and through his officials, Shō Tai responded that failure to pay tribute and offer congratulations would be punished by China, and sought understanding for the difficulty of his position". On 11 March 1879, Matsuda received his instructions from Sanjō Sanetomi to travel to Ryūkyū once more. This time he took with him, in addition to thirty-two officials from the Home Ministry and nine other officers, one hundred and sixty policemen, and three or four hundred soldiers, from the Kumamoto garrison. Arriving in Naha on the 25th, two days later Disposition Officer Matsuda gave notice to Prince Nakijin that, on the last day of the month, ''Ryūkyū Domain, Ryūkyū han'' would be abolished and ''Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawa ken'' instituted, instructing that Shuri Castle be vacated by that date. On the 29th the king departed and two days later Matsuda marched unopposed with his men into Shuri Castle. On 5 April, on the front page of the ''Yomiuri Shimbun'', the Dajō-kan announced to the public that Ryūkyū Domain had been abolished and Okinawa Prefecture created in its place. A few days later, the Emperor sent to enquire into Shō Tai's health and invite him to Tōkyō, placing the ''Meiji Maru'' at the former king's disposal; Shō Tai's illness ongoing, Tominokōji returned instead with Shō Ten. After some further weeks of delay, possibly with a view to giving China time to intervene (leading Ryūkyūans crossed over to the continent and a letter from Prince Gong was sent to the Japanese ministry in Beijing drawing attention to China's respect for Ryūkyū's sovereignty and calling on Japan to abandon its plans, the response being that this was an internal affair and other countries had no right to interfere), on 27 May Shō Tai sailed for Tōkyō, where, after an audience with the Emperor, he took up his position as Kazoku#Development, Marquis in the ''kazoku'' peerage system. As Gregory Smits, Smits notes, however, the "issue of Ryukyuan sovereignty ... was not yet settled in the international arena". With the Qing government vehemently protesting the annexation, spurred on by War hawk, hawks advocating armed resolution, the Ryūkyū question became an important contributing factor in the build up to the First Sino-Japanese War. At the urging of Li Hongzhang, and after mediation by World tour of Ulysses S. Grant#South east asia (Siam, Burma, Singapore, Cochinchina) East Asia, China, Japan, visiting former US President Ulysses S. Grant, in 1880 Japan entered into negotiations with China. Both sides proposed to divide the Ryūkyūs: Japan offered to hand over some of its home territory, in the form of the Yaeyama Islands and Miyako Islands, in return for revision of the Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty, whereby Japan might trade in the interior of China and be accorded most favoured nation status; the Chinese proposed Amami Ōshima and the Amami Islands, surrounding islands go to Japan, Okinawa Islands, Okinawa to the Ryūkyū King, and the Yaeyama and Miyako Islands to China, which would then restore them to the Ryūkyū King. Negotiations reached an advanced stage, but at the end of the year China refused to ratify the agreement and the ''status quo'' continued. Meanwhile, in its "Memorandum of Japan's sovereign rights to the Ryūkyū Islands, in response to the Chinese government's protest", the Meiji government advanced a number of factors in support of the legitimacy of its claims, citing geographic, historic, racial, linguistic, religious, and cultural propinquity, and stated that, with the abolition of the ''han'', Ryūkyū was the final domestic territory to be reformed and brought under centralized government control. Within Okinawa itself, Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War brought any lingering discontent to an end.


Legacy of the term

After the war, the term ''Ryūkyū shobun'' saw reuse in relation to the status of the Ryūkyūs per Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco, to representatives of Okinawa being left out of talks relating to 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement, Reversion, and to the failure of the Japanese government to live up to the promises made during these negotiations. Prime Minister of Japan, Prime Minister Satō Eisaku was even accused in the National Diet, Diet of contributing to a new ''Ryūkyū shobun'' in the context of the lack of Okinawan representation in the Reversion negotiations. On the occasion of the second anniversary of Reversion, the ''Okinawa Times'' referred to this as the ''Okinawa shobun''. More recently, editorials in the ''Ryūkyū Shimpō'' and elsewhere have used the term ''Ryūkyū shobun'' in relation to the Ryukyu independence movement#U.S. military bases, question of US military bases on Okinawan soil.


Related images and articles

Matsuda Michiyuki2.jpg, Disposition Officer Matsuda Michiyuki Sho Tai.jpg, Shō Tai, last king of the
Ryukyu Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879. It was ruled as a Tributary system of China, tributary state of Ming dynasty, imperial Ming China by the King of Ryukyu, Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island t ...
Yomiuri Shimbun 1879-04-05.jpg, Front page of the ''Yomiuri Shimbun'' on 5 April 1879, announcing the abolition of Ryukyu Domain and establishment of Okinawa Prefecture North China Herald - Vol XXIII - No 645 - 1879-10-10 - pg 349.jpg, 10 October 1879 edition of ''The North China Herald'', reporting on Japan's "claim" to the Liuchiu Islands North China Herald - Vol XXIII - No 645 - 1879-10-10 - pg 350.jpg, Continuation of the same, with a reference to the Mudan incident North China Herald - Vol XXIII - No 645 - 1879-10-10 - pg 358.jpg, "The Liuchiuan Question According to the Japanese Point of View", in the same North China Herald - Vol XXIII - No 645 - 1879-10-10 - pg 359.jpg, Continuation, with translations of the oaths of Shō Nei and the Sanshikan and of the Fifteen Injunctions (Invasion of Ryukyu#Aftermath, following the 1609 invasion) North China Herald - Vol XXIII - No 646 - 1879-10-17 - pg 377.jpg, Update in ''The North China Herald'' one week later Genroku Kuniezu - Ryūkyū Kingdom - Okinawa Island+ (National Archives of Japan).jpg, Okinawa Island from the ''Kuniezu#Genroku Kuniezu, Genroku Kuniezu'' (Important Cultural Property (Japan), ICP) (National Archives of Japan)


See also

* Hokkaidō Development Commission * Okinawa Shrine * Ryukyu independence movement * Ryukyuan assimilation policies * Sakishima Beacons


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ryukyu Disposition Ryukyu Kingdom Foreign relations of the Ryukyu Kingdom Annexation Political history of Okinawa Prefecture 1870s in Japan March 1879 Meiji era Ryukyuan history China–Japan relations Military history of the Pacific Ocean