Dirk

A dirk is a long-bladed thrusting dagger.Chisholm, Hugh (ed.); "Dagger", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th ed., Vol. VII, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press (1910), p. 729. Historically, it gained its name from the Highland dirk (Scottish Gaelic ) where it was a personal weapon of officers engaged in naval hand-to-hand combat during the Age of SailO'Brian, Patrick; ''Men-of-War: Life in Nelson's Navy'', New York: W. W. Norton & Co., (1974), p. 35. as well as the personal sidearm of Highlanders. It was also the traditional sidearm of the Highland Clansman and later used by the officers, pipers, and drummers of Scottish Highland regiments around 1725 to 1800 and by Japanese naval officers.

Etymology

The term is associated with Scotland in the Early Modern Era, being attested from about 1600. The term was spelled ''dork'' or ''dirk'' during the 17th century,Head, T. F.; ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'' Oxford University Press (1996) . presumed related to the Danish, Dutch and Swedish ''dolk'', and the German ''dolch, tolch''; from a West Slavic ''Tillich''. The exact etymology is unclear.Hoad, T. F.; ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'' Oxford University Press (1996) .''Collins English Dictionary 21st Century Edition'' Harper Collins (2001) .Robinson, M. (ed.) (1985). ''The Concise Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. . The modern spelling ''dirk'' is probably due to Samuel Johnson's 1755 ''Dictionary''. The term is also used for "dagger" generically, especially in the context of prehistoric daggers such as the Oxborough dirk.

Highland dirk

The Scottish dirk (also "Highland dirk", Scottish Gaelic: ), as a symbolic traditional and ceremonial weapon of the Highland Cathairean (cateran or warrior), is worn by officers, pipers and drummers of Scottish Highland regiments. The development of the Scottish dirk as a weapon is unrelated to that of the naval dirk; it is a modern continuation of the 16th-century ballock or rondel dagger.

The traditional Scottish dirk is a probable development from the 16th century but like all medieval societies, the Highlander needed a knife for everyday use. The dirk became symbolic of a Highland man’s honour and oaths were sworn on the steel which was believed to be holy. The following highlights the importance of the dirk in Highland culture:

The dirk occupies a unique niche in Highland culture and history. Many Highland Scots were too cash-poor to buy a sword, following the Disarming Acts enacted to erode Highland martial insurrections but virtually every male carried a dirk—and carried it everywhere! If in Japan the katana was the soul of the Samurai, in Scotland the dirk was the heart of the Highlander. In many warrior cultures oaths were sworn on one's sword. Among the Gael, however, binding oaths with the force of a geas (involving dire supernatural penalties for breaking such an oath) were sworn on one's dirk. The English, aware of this, used the custom against the Highlanders after Culloden: When Highland dress was prohibited in 1747 those Gael who could not read or sign an oath were required to swear a verbal oath, "in the Irish (Scots Gaelic) tongue and upon the holy iron of their dirks", not to possess any gun, sword, or pistol, or to use tartan: "... and if I do so may I be cursed in my undertakings, family and property, may I be killed in battle as a coward, and lie without burial in a strange land, far from the graves of my forefathers and kindred; may all this come across me if I break my oath."

During the period of proscription, only service in a British regiment permitted Highlanders to bear their traditional arms and dress. The 78th Fraser Highlanders, raised in 1757, wore full highland dress uniform;Browne, James; ''A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans'', Vol. IV, Edinburgh, Scotland: A. Fullarton & Co. (1838), p. 250. their equipment was described by Major-General James Stewart in 1780 as including a "musket and broadsword, to which many soldiers added the dirk at their own expense."Grant, James; ''British Battles on Land and Sea'', Vol. II, London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin (1873), p. 82.

When worn, the dirk normally hangs by a leather strap known as a "frog" from a dirk belt, which is a wide leather belt having a large, usually ornate buckle, that is worn around the waist with a kilt. Many Scottish dirks carry a smaller knife and fork which fit into compartments on the front of the sheath, and a smaller knife known as a sgian dubh is also worn tucked into the top of the hose when wearing a kilt.

Naval dirk

A thrusting weapon, the naval dirk originally functioned as a boarding weapon and as a functional fighting dagger. During the days of sail, midshipmen and officers wore dirks; the daggers gradually evolved into ceremonial weapons and badges of office. In the Royal Navy, the naval dirk is still presented to junior officers; the basic design of the weapon has changed little in the last 500 years.

In the Russian Empire naval dirk (Russian: ) became part of the uniform of naval officers and civilian officials in the Navy Ministry. After the October Revolution of 1917, naval dirks were the weapons of naval officers in the Soviet navy. Later, they were also allowed as an element of the dress uniform for army generals and army officers.

Later, it became an element of other uniforms as well, e.g. of officers in the Russian and Polish army (Polish: ) and air force and of the police forces in some countries.

In the United States, the dirk was introduced by Scottish immigrants in the 1700s. Dirks were originally a single-edged weapon. By 1745, however, the weapon more commonly had a double-edged blade; this makes the dirk more or less synonymous with the dagger. Dirks were often made from old sword blades. In the nineteenth century dirks started to be made with a curved blade, but returned to a straight blade by the end of the century. Some were long enough to be considered a short sword.Nicholas J. Johnson, David B. Kopel, George A. Mocsary, E. Gregory Wallace, Donald E. Kilmer. ''Firearms Law and the Second Amendment: Regulation, Rights, and Policy'', Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2021 .

See also

* Sgian-dubh
* Kindjal
* Knife fight
*List of blade materials

References

External links

Spotlight: The Scottish Dirk
(myArmoury.com article)

{{Knives

Edged and bladed weapons
Early Modern European swords
European swords
Daggers