A
armature
:An armature is an internal frame or skeleton which supports aadditive
: Is the process by which material is shaped and built up, frequently on an armature, to create the desired image. Traditionally the material used in modeling clay, but plaster is considered a less desirable but also less expensive substitute. Frequently the sculpture created by the additive method is a temporary one, used to create a more permanent version in stone or bronze.assemblage
:An assemblage is a sculpture constructed from found objects. Typically an assemblage does not disguise the original objects used, rather it either tries to show them in a new light, or forms a figurative sculpture from the collection of shapes.B
bozzetto
:(Italian) A small terracotta sketch of a sculpture: see ''maquette''.C
carving
:Carving is one of the oldest sculptural techniques. It is a subtractive process; starting with a solid block, the sculptor removes material usingcasting
: Casting is a method of producing one or more copies of a sculpture. Typically, the original sculpture is modeled as usual and covered with a molding material that sets hard when dry. The mold is then separated to release the original sculpture. Once the mold is reassembled, at its most simple the casting material is poured into the void and left to set. Traditionally, moltenCiment Fondu
:Ciment Fondu is a proprietary product made by Kerneos (previously Lafarge Aluminates) for industrial use but widely adopted by sculptors. It is a type of calcium aluminate cement used for constructingcold cast bronze
:A modern method of casting sculptures in which the casting material is a resin mixed with powderedD
direct carving
:Also referred to as ''taille directe''. A less planned approach to carving in which the sculptor carves the finished sculpture without using intermediate models or maquettes. The sculptor typically works from memory, though some such asH
Hydrocal
:Hydrocal is aI
indirect
:Indirect carving "involves the use of previously prepared three dimensional models . . . . usually assigned to a professional carver who, with the assistance of a pointing machine, proceeds to duplicate the model in stone. During the latter half of the nineteenth century and extending into the first part of the twentieth virtually all stone sculpture was produced by the indirect method of carving."K
kinetic sculpture
: Kinetic sculpture is sculpture which is designed to move. The movement can be driven by interaction with the viewer, or automatically using motors or air currents, as in the case of aM
maquette
: A maquette is a small-scale model for a finished sculpture. It is used to visualize and test shapes and ideas without incurring the cost and effort of producing a full-scale sculpture. It is the analogue of themodeling
: Modeling is one of the most common techniques for sculpting. It is an additive process in which material is steadily built up to produce the finished figure. Unlike carving, the sculptor often also has the option of correcting mistakes by removing or reshaping the material. Modeling requires a malleable or plastic material which is later cured or fired to set it hard. Typical modeling materials include clay, wax, plaster, and papier-mâché. : Frequently the modeling material has limited structural strength and will need the support of an armature.mould
:A mould is a reversed impression of a sculpture which is used to cast replica sculptures. The material used to construct the mould needs to accurately reproduce the surface detail of the original sculpture, while also being strong enough to keep its shape during casting and resilient enough to retain detail after multiple castings. :Typical moulding materials include rubber, especially latex rubber, plaster and composites such as ''P
papier-mâché
:(often misspelled as ) :Papier-mâché is a construction material that consists of pieces of paper, sometimes reinforced with textiles, stuck together using a wet paste (e.g. glue, starch, or wallpaper adhesive). The crafted object becomes solid when the paste dries.patina
(also patinate, patination) :A patina is a natural or applied surface finish to a sculpture piece. Natural patinas may occur by oxidation due to long exposure to air or earth — the most common of which is verdigris on copper orplasticene
: :Plasticene is an oil-based clay used for modelling sculptures; its chief advantages over water clay is it does not shrink, crack or dry out and can be worked on over a long period of time.plaster cast
: :A plaster cast is a copy of a sculpture, which is cast in plaster. A plaster cast can accurately reproduce the details of the original sculpture, but is usually much less durable. It is often used as a stage in the casting process.pointing machine
: :A pointing machine is used to accurately transfer measuring points from a model or maquette into stone or wood, in order to carve an accurate copy. This is called the indirect method of carving.R
roughing out
:The process of carving out the basic shapes of a work before any detail is created.S
sand casting
:A method of casting typically used for casting iron, in which theT
Taille directe
:See Direct carvingtruth to materials
:A process or mode in direct carving in which the sculptor responds to the nature of the block being carved as much as the subject. Changes in colouration and imperfections revealed while carving the block are incorporated as features in the finished sculpture. Since the sculptor doesn't know in advance what imperfections will be revealed during the course of carving, a more flexible and fluid approach is required.See also
* Glossary of painting terms * List of sculptorsReferences
*Glass, F.J.,'' Modelling and Sculpture: A Practical Treatise for Students, With a Brief History of the Art,'' B.T. Batsford LTD., London 1929 * Gross, Chaim, ''The Technique of Wood Sculpture,'' Vista House Publishers, New York 1957 * Hoffman, Malvina, ''Sculpture, Insida and Out'', Bonanza Books, New York 1939 * Jagger, Sargeant, ''Modelling and Sculpture in the Making,'' The Studio Limited, London 1933 *Miller, Richard McDermott, ''Figure Sculpture in Wax and Plaster,'' Dover Press, New York 1971 * Putnam, Brenda, ''The Sculptor's Way: A Guide to Modelling and Sculpture,'' Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., New York 1939 *Rich, Jack C., ''The Materials and Methods of Sculpture,'' Oxford University Press, New York 1967 * Silvercruys, Suzanne,'' A Primer of Sculpture,'' G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York 1942 * Slobodkin, Louis, ''Sculpture; Principles and Practice,'' Dover Publications, New York 1973, reprint of 1949 edition *Topal, Carol Weisman, ''Children, Clay and Sculpture,'' Davis Publications, Worceser, Massachutts 1983 * Zorach, William, ''Zorach Explains Sculpture: What It Means and How It Is Made,'' Tudor Publishing Company, New York 1960 ;NotesExternal links