Dinadan

Dinadan is a Cornish Knight of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend's chivalric romance tradition. In the Prose ''Tristan'' and its adaptations, Dinadan is a close friend of the protagonist Tristan, known for his cynical humor and pragmatism, and also for his severe anti- chivalric attitudes. In Thomas Malory's English compilation ''Le Morte d'Arthur'', Dinadan serves as a foil to Tristan in his softened portrayal, appearing in several often comedic episodes until his murder by Mordred and Agravain. Despite his relatively minor role, he has become a major subject of Malorian scholarship.

Medieval Arthuriana

Like Palamedes and Lamorak, Dinadan was introduced in the 13th-century Prose ''Tristan'' (''Tristan en prose''), an Old French reimagination of the legend of Tristan and Iseult. Here, Dinadan is a knight from Cornwall and the son of Bruenor senior, also known as the Good Knight Without Fear. His brothers include fellow Round Table knights Breunor le Noir and Daniel.

Dinadan is introduced to the story to replace the dead Kahedin as the hero Tristan's new close friend and companion, also functioning as a more reasonable part of Tristan. Unlike many other knights in Arthurian romance, the pragmatic Dinadan tends to avoid fights and views courtly love as a futile pursuit, though he displays bravery in battle when necessary. As described by Norris J. Lacy, who called him "one of his most delightful creations" of the Prose ''Tristan'',

Early parts of the Prose ''Tristan'' initially feature Dinadan as a more of a typical knight errant character of Arthurian romance, less sensible and with limited sarcasm as compared to his characterization in other French tellings, such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle—but not to the one in Thomas Malory's iconic English Arthurian compilation ''Le Morte d'Arthur'', where his character is both already fully established and markedly toned down compared to the corresponding episodes from Malory's French text sources. Dinadan also appears in some other works, such as ''Escanor'' and variants of ''Les Prophéties de Merlin''. In the former, Dinadan's deep skepticism towards women serves as a comedic theme. Conversely, there are versions when his attitudes regarding females are portrayed as unsavoury. These include the Prose ''Tristan'' manuscript BnF fr. 12599, which depicts Dinadan as a rapist of a young lady, and Micheau Gonnot's ''Compilation'', where he is a would-be rapist, stopped (and punished) by peasants.

In the Prose ''Tristan'', Dinadan outlives the protagonist. A manuscript known as the ''Suite du Tristan en prose'' (BnF fr. 24400) is a continuation of the Prose ''Tristan'' that contains Dinadan's further story and his own death. It was translated to modern French by Richard Trachsler and published as ''Les Dernières Aventures de Dinadan'' (''The Last Adventures of Dinadan'') in 2025.

''Le Morte d'Arthur''

Based on some variants of the Prose ''Tristan'' in a highly abridged form, or perhaps a lost English intermediate source, Malory's portrayal of Dinadan (''Dynadan'') remains a comedic character as he retains some of his French version's cynical humor and inclination towards mocking chivalry, albeit without much of his original ironic commentaries. Dinadan is often depicted as the most witty among Arthur's knights, both the source and target of practical jokes. He is one of the only few able to recognize his fellow knights even when they are wearing full helmets and do not have marked shields, which Helen Cooper interpreted as a female characteristic.

During his visit to the court of Cornwall in search of his friend, the young hero Tristan (''Tristram''), Dinadan shares supper with Queen Iseult (''La Beale Isoud''), revealing his deliberate choice to have no lady-love or paramour to inspire his noble deeds. In one escapade, he is caught off guard and defeated in a joust by Lancelot, who cleverly wears a dress over his armor and later dresses his unconscious opponent in it, a cross-dressing episode corresponding go the one in the Version IV of the Prose ''Tristan'' (and the ''Prophecies de Merlin'') in which men sent by Lancelot and Galehaut forcibly dress Dinadan in a lady's gown as a joke for Queen Guinevere. Albeit reluctantly, Dinadan is also still capable of heroic deeds on an occasion, such as when he helps Tristan to fight off 30 knights of Queen Morgan all at once.

In ''Le Morte d'Arthur'', his end after returning from Cornwall, hoping to persuade King Arthur to reverse his ruling that had reinstated the villainous King Mark on the throne. However, while wounded from his encounter with the evil knight Brehu the Merciless, Dinadan is ambushed and murdered by two other Knights of the Round Table, the treacherous half-brothers Mordred and Agravain, who hate him for his association with their enemy Lamorak from the rival clan of King Pellinore. Lancelot's half-brother Hector de Maris discovers Dinadan mortally wounded and brings him to Camelot, where he dies in Lancelot's arms and is buried by Palamedes in Camelot.

According to Joyce Coleman, " Margaret Schlauch praises the 'courtly realism' depicted in Sir Thomas Malory's ''Le Morte d'Arthur'', especially highlighting 'the comically realistic Sir Dinadan', whose humorous remarks about his fear of jousting leave his audience laughing so hard they can barely stay seated. 'Sir Dinadan, the realist' lizabeth Edwards described as the 'rational moralist' governed by a 'pragmatic creed' onald Hoffman remains a central figure in Malorian analysis." Conversely, other scholars such as Eugène Vinaver and Harold Livermore view the humor of Malory's Dinadan as inferior to that found in his French source material, where Dinadan's jokes are seen as more offensive and subversive, even addressing taboo subjects like religion.

''Tavola Ritonda''

In '' La Tavola Ritonda'', a late medieval Italian rewrite of the Prose ''Tristan'', the villain Brehu/Bruce the Merciless (''Breus sanz Pietà'') is uniquely turned into Dinadan's cousin. Compared to the Prose ''Tristan'', the author expanded on Dinadan's character, giving him a wider range of attitudes, some perhaps reflecting his own perceptions.

Unlike his more usual portrayals, this version of Dinadan (''Dinadano'') is depicted as a violent misogynist who harbors deep animosity towards women, including his dear friend Tristan's beloved, whom he openly insults as a "whore". Tristan, unsuccessfully, tries to trick him into loving a woman twice. The only time Dinadan does fall in love with a woman is during his brief affair with the evil Losanna of the Ancient Tower (''Losanna della Torre Antica'') in an episode based on the Short Version of the Prose ''Tristan''. This affair causes him to turn against Tristan, who fights to save Losanna's rival Tessina (whom Dinadan also disparagingly calls a "whore"). His typically-hostile attitude towards women earns him friendly mockery from Tristan, including a comical episode where Tristan, after Dinadan refuses to marry a daughter of Espinogres (here portrayed as a king; in Malory's version he is a knight companion of Tristan and Dinadan), enters Dinadan's room at night pretending to be the daughter, madly in love with him. Late in the book, Dinadan attempts to murder the captured King Mark in revenge for the death of Tristan.

Modern Arthuriana

Dinadan has appeared in a number of modern works, including the musical '' Camelot'' in which he was portrayed by John Cullum in the original 1960 Broadway production while Anthony Rogers played the role in the 1967 film version. He is the main character in Gerald Morris' 2003 novel ''The Ballad of Sir Dinadan'', and is featured in the chapter "Sir Dinadan the Humorist" in Mark Twain's 1890 novel '' A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court''. In Lev Grossman's 2024 novel '' The Bright Sword'', Dinadan is portrayed as a transgender man who uses knight armor to hide his breasts and female genitals, acclaimed by ''The New York Times'' reviewer (and fellow modern Arthurian author) Kiersten White as "one of the best knights to come out of modern Arthurian tales".

See also

* Cross-dressing in literature
* Dagonet, the court jester of King Arthur
*Sancho Panza

Notes

References

External links

Dinadan
at The Camelot Project

at Nighbringer.se

{{Arthurian Legend

Fictional characters introduced in the 13th century
Fictional pranksters
Knights of the Round Table
Knights-errant