Dimitris Glinos (; September 2, 1882 – December 26, 1943) was a

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

educator, philosopher and politician.

Life

Glinos was born in

Smyrna Smyrna ( ; , or ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean Sea, Aegean coast of Anatolia, Turkey. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna ...

, the eldest of twelve children of Alexandros Glinos. After graduating from the Smyrna Evangelical School, he went to

Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...

in 1899 and enrolled in the Philosophy Department of the

University of Athens The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA; , ''Ethnikó kai Kapodistriakó Panepistímio Athinón''), usually referred to simply as the University of Athens (UoA), is a public university in Athens, Greece, with various campuses alo ...

. He graduated in 1905 and proceeded to study

philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

pedagogy Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken ...

, and

experimental psychology Experimental psychology is the work done by those who apply Experiment, experimental methods to psychological study and the underlying processes. Experimental psychologists employ Research participant, human participants and Animal testing, anim ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

at the

University of Jena The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (, abbreviated FSU, shortened form ''Uni Jena''), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. The university was established in 1558 and is cou ...

(under

Rudolf Eucken Rudolf Christoph Eucken (; ; 5 January 184614 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, ...

from 1908 to 1909), and at the

University of Leipzig Leipzig University (), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December 1409 by Frederick I, Electo ...

(under

Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (; ; 16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, one of the fathers of modern psychology. Wundt, who distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and biology, was t ...

from 1909 to 1911). In Germany, he was acquainted with Georgios Skliros who introduced Glinos to

socialist Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...

ideology and had decisive effect on his later career. He married Anna Chroni in September 1908. Upon his return to Greece, he submitted a proposal for an educational reform to the government in 1913. He proposed introduction of, and changes to: * The language of instruction (using colloquial

Demotic Greek Demotic Greek (, , , ) is the standard spoken language of Greece in modern times and, since the resolution of the Greek language question in 1976, the official language of Greece. "Demotic Greek" (with a capital D) contrasts with the conservat ...

instead of the old-fashioned

Katharevousa Katharevousa (, , literally "purifying anguage) is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the late 18th century as both a literary language and a compromise between Ancient Greek and the contemporary vernacular, Demotic ...

). Glinos proposed even the use of the

Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the Ancient Rome, ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered except several letters splitting—i.e. from , and from � ...

, in the place of Greek, for tonic reasons. * The structure of the school system (extend primary school from 4 to 6 years) * Educational content (less formalism, greater emphasis on science) * Educational methods (updating of courses and materials) * Teacher training * The education of girls Glinos eventually became Secretary-General of the Ministry of Education in 1917 under prime minister

Eleftherios Venizelos Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos (, ; – 18 March 1936) was a Cretan State, Cretan Greeks, Greek statesman and prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movement. As the leader of the Liberal Party (Greece), Liberal Party, Venizelos ser ...

and began to introduce the proposed reforms. His efforts were stopped, and his reforms undone when Venizelos lost power in 1920, and Glinos began publishing under the

pseudonym A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true meaning ( orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individual's o ...

"A. Gabriel, teacher". He re-introduced the reforms after he was reinstated when Venizelos regained power in 1922, but dampened again when Theodore Pangalos took power in 1925. EAM-1944

In 1930 he began his active involvement in politics, being elected as an MP with the

Communist Party of Greece The Communist Party of Greece (, ΚΚΕ; ''Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas'', KKE) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Greece. It was founded in 1918 as the Socialist Workers' Party of Greece (SEKE) and adopted its current name in Novem ...

in the 1936 elections. After the establishment of the Metaxas Regime, along with many other Communists and other political dissidents, he was sent to internal exile on the island of

Agios Efstratios Agios Efstratios or Saint Eustratius (), colloquially Ai Stratis (), anciently Halonnesus or Halonnesos (), is a small Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea about southwest of Lemnos and northwest of Lesbos. The municipality has an area of 43. ...

. During the

Axis Occupation of Greece The occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers () began in April 1941 after Nazi Germany Battle of Greece, invaded the Kingdom of Greece in order to assist its ally, Fascist Italy (1922–1943), Italy, in their Greco-Italian War, ongoing war that w ...

, Glinos became actively involved in the founding of the Communist-led National Liberation Front (EAM), and wrote its political manifesto, ''What is the National Liberation Front, and what does it want'' (Τί είναι και τί θέλει το ΕΑΜ) in September 1942. At the same time, in December 1942, he was elected a member of the

Politburo A politburo () or political bureau is the highest organ of the central committee in communist parties. The term is also sometimes used to refer to similar organs in socialist and Islamist parties, such as the UK Labour Party's NEC or the Poli ...

of the KKE, in whose ranks he had been a member since 1935. Glinos died during Christmas of 1943, after an operation and while he was preparing to move to Free Greece, in order to participate in the foundation of the " Mountain Government" and possibly take the position of its President.

Works

* ''Creative Historism''. Sideris: Athens, 1920. * ''Feminist Humanism''. Higher Education Faculty for Women: Athens, 1921. * ''Pigs are Oinking, Guinea Pigs are Weeking, Snakes are Hissing''. Hestia: Athens, 1921; 2nd edn., Dimitrakos: Athens, 1923. * ''Nation and Language''. Hestia: Athens, 1922. * ''The Crisis of Demoticism''. Hestia: Athens, 1923. * ''The Goals of the Pedagogical Academy''. Athens 1924. * ''An Unburied Dead''. Athina Publishing House: Athens, 1925. * ''Address of the Board of Directors of the Educational Association''. Athens, 1927. * ''The Open Road Ahead'', Student Fraternity: Athens, 1932. * ''Address to New Students'', Student Fraternity: Athens, 1933. * ''The Raisin Question''. Rizospastis: Athens, 1936. * ''On Humanist Studies in Greece Today''. Zacharopoulos: Athens, 1940. * ''A Few Thoughts on Plato and his Work''. Zacharopoulos: Athens, 1940. * ''What is the National Liberation Front'' (1942). 2nd edn., Rigas: Athens, 1944 * ''Today's Issues of the Greek People'' (1944). 2nd edn., Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1945. * ''The War Trilogy''. Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1945
Repr., edited by George D. Boubous, Papazisis: Athens, 2004
* ''The Philosophy of Hegel''. Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1946. * Unpublished essays and correspondence, in the collective volume ''To the Memory of Dimitris A. Glinos'', Ta Nea Vivlia: Athens, 1946
Repr., edited by Costas Mavreas and George D. Boubous, Papazisis: Athens, 2003
* ''Selected Works'', 4 vols., ed. by Loukas Axelos. Stochastis: Athens, 1971–75. * ''Collected Works'', vols. 1–2, ed. by Philippos Iliou. Themelio: Athens, 1983.

Notes

External links

Glinos Foundation (Idryma Glinou), Athens, Greece

Biography by UNESCO
* George D. Boubous
Biographical sketch of Dimitris Glinos and selected bibliography
{{DEFAULTSORT:Glinos, Dimitris 1882 births 1943 deaths Smyrniote Greeks People from Aidin vilayet Communist Party of Greece politicians All People Front politicians Greek MPs 1936 National Liberation Front (Greece) members 20th-century Greek educators Modern Greek language National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece