Dimasa People
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The Dimasa people or Dimasa Kachari people are an ethnolinguistic community presently inhabiting in
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
and
Nagaland Nagaland () is a States and union territories of India, state in the northeast India, north-eastern region of India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south, and the Naga Sel ...
states in
Northeastern India Northeast India, officially the North Eastern Region (NER), is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political administrative division of the country. It comprises eight states—Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, M ...
. They speak Dimasa, a Tibeto-Burman language. This community is fairly homogeneous and exclusive, with members required to draw from both parents' separate clans. The
Dimasa kingdom The Dimasa Kingdom also known as Kachari kingdom was a late medieval/early modern kingdom in Assam, Northeast India ruled by Dimasa kings. The Dimasa kingdom and others ( Kamata, Chutiya) that developed in the wake of the Kamarupa kingdom we ...
, one of many early states in
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
following the downfall of Kamarupa kingdom, was established by these people. The Dimasas are one of the oldest inhabitants of the Northeastern part of India and are one of the many Kachari tribes. Dimasa appear to be one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups of northeastern India. They are a part of the greater Bodo-Kachari family of ethnolinguistic groups of Northeast India which includes Boro, Tripuri, Rabha, Garo,
Tiwa Tiwa and Tigua may refer to: * Tiwa Puebloans, an ethnic group of New Mexico, US * Tiwa (Lalung), an ethnic group of north-eastern India * Tiwa language (India), a Sino-Tibetan language of India * Tiwa languages, a group of Tanoan languages of the ...
, Koch, Moran etc. peoples of northeast India. They speak Dimasa language a Boro-Garo language of the
Tibeto-Burman The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak ...
family.


Etymology

It stands for ''Di-ma-sa'' meaning ''people of big waters'' referring to the stream of upper tributary of Brahmaputra i.e. Lohit (known as ''Dilao'' in Dimasa), which is in Arunachal today. There is also an endonym within the tribe called as ''Ha-Tseng-Tsa'' or ''Ha-Cheng-Sa'' meaning ''people of the soil/sand''. ''Ha-Tseng-Sa'' could have been the original name of the tribe before setting down in the valley between Dilao( Lohit) and Tsang river(
Brahmaputra The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river which flows through Southwestern China, Northeastern India, and Bangladesh. It is known as Brahmaputra or Luit in Assamese, Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan, the Siang/Dihang River in Arunachali, and ...
). This is reflected in the folk lores of Dimasa royal clans as well as in the descent and titles of the King.


History

Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that sixty thousand (60,000) Moon months (
Lunar months In lunar calendars, a lunar month is the time between two successive syzygies of the same type: new moons or full moons. The precise definition varies, especially for the beginning of the month. Variations In Shona, Middle Eastern, and Euro ...
) ago, they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe
drought A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D.  Jiang, A.  Khan, W.  Pokam Mba, D.  Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, ...
they were instrumental in establishing the
Dimasa kingdom The Dimasa Kingdom also known as Kachari kingdom was a late medieval/early modern kingdom in Assam, Northeast India ruled by Dimasa kings. The Dimasa kingdom and others ( Kamata, Chutiya) that developed in the wake of the Kamarupa kingdom we ...
a traditional kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley, the Dimasa kingdom lost it's eastern control after the Ahom kingdom of the Tai Ahom people invaded the Brahmaputra valley. After long wandering, they settled at ''Di-lao-bra Tsangi-bra'', the confluence of the Lohit and Sangi or Di-tsang ( Brahamputra), where they held a great assembly.


Cultivation

The Dimasas were till recently agricultural, centering on shifting agriculture; but in recent times this has changed with profound changes in the community. Following political problems in the 18th century, the Dimasa ruler moved further south in the plains of Cachar and there took place a division among them–with the hills Dimasa maintaining their traditional living and political exclusiveness, the plains Dimasas have made no attempt to assert themselves.


Ethnicity

The Dimasa Kachari plains tribe (Dimasa language speakers) of
Cachar Cachar district is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. After independence, the pre-existing undivided Cachar district was split into four districts: Dima Hasao (formerly North Cachar Hills), Hailakandi, Karimganj, and the ...
are known as Barman, forming one of the indigenous tribes of undivided Cachar (including Dima-Hasao, Hailakandi and
Karimganj Karimganj, officially Sribhumi, is a town in the Karimganj district of the Indian States and territories of India, state of Assam. It is the administrative headquarters of the district. Karimganj town is located at . The area of Karimganj Tow ...
). The Dimasas, inhabiting in the Cachar district are officially recognized as one of the Scheduled Tribes under the plains category in
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
in the name called “ Barmans in Cachar”.


Distribution

They live mostly in Dima Hasao District, an administrative autonomous district of the Indian state of
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
that includes the ravines of the Jatinga Valley and Dhansiri Valley, Diphu City and Howraghat region of
Karbi Anglong district Karbi Anglong district is an District, administrative unit in the States and union territories of India, Indian state of Assam. It is an autonomous district administered by the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council (KAAC) according to the provisions ...
(East), West Karbi Anglong, Kampur region of
Nagaon district Nagaon district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Assam. At the time of the 2011 census it was the most populous district in Assam, before Hojai district was split from it in 2016. History Bordowa was the birthplace of the ...
,
Hojai district Hojai District is a district in Assam, India. It was formed on 15 August 2015. The headquarters of the district is situated at Sankardev Nagar, which is about 8 km away from Hojai town. Hojai District was formed from three tehsils of N ...
,
Cachar district Cachar district is an administrative districts of Assam, district in the state of Assam in India. After independence, the pre-existing undivided Cachar district was split into four districts: Dima Hasao district, Dima Hasao (formerly North Cachar ...
, Hailakandi district, Karimganj district of
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
and Dimapur district of
Nagaland Nagaland () is a States and union territories of India, state in the northeast India, north-eastern region of India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south, and the Naga Sel ...
and parts in Jiribam district of
Manipur Manipur () is a state in northeastern India with Imphal as its capital. It borders the Indian states of Assam to the west, Mizoram to the south, and Nagaland to the north and shares the international border with Myanmar, specifically t ...
respectively.


Religion

The Dimasa are still following the ancient animistic/shamanic faith, most of them claim to be Hindus. They find themselves in a natural and similar pattern between their traditional faith and Hinduism and hence they belong to both simultaneously. Kailash Kumar Chhetri (Ecological Significance of the Traditional Beliefs and Practices of Dimasa Kaschari Tribe, 2001) has also written while mentioning the Dimasai life system. Dimasa Kachari has its unique social system. This social system has its own culture, tradition, and religious beliefs and practices, which are related to the land and nature of their residence. Land and nature are the source of their economy, culture, history, and Dharmic heritage. Regarding the Kachari (Dimasa) belief, on the one hand, Sidney Endley (The Kacharies, 1911:33), declaring it animistic, has written that, as a rule, neither idols nor worship is found in a typical Kachari village, But in the mind and imagination of the Kachari the earth, air, and sky alike are inhabited by a large number of invisible spiritual beings, commonly known as Modai. On the other hand, Humi Thousen (2019) has cited various references of Dipali Danda (Among the Dimasas of Assam, 1988) and S.K. Barpujari (History of the Dimasas from the Earliest times to 1896, 1997), Using it, it is written that six gods, who are considered as the ancestral deities of the Dimasas, have authority over the entire Dimasa land. Thus came the concept of 'Area God' among the Dimasas. As the entire Dimasa land is under their control, hence they have unstructured mythological shrines in different areas of the traditional Dimasa area. It is believed that the gods and goddesses living in a particular sacred area protect the people there and control their destiny. These unstructured shrines are called Daikho, whose number is widely believed to be twelve. As an actual empirical fact in the Dimasas, the concept of Madai as the supreme God and Daikho as the house of that God is found. The meaning of Daikho is made up of two words Madai or Dai and Kho, which is considered as the house of God. Hence, it is clear that Dimasa Kachari also gives an important place in their Dharmic structure to the twelve Daikhos present in their entire region along with various abstract states. Dimasai Life: Dharmic Beliefs, Systems


Language

The Dimasa language is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Dimasa people in Assam and Nagaland, India. It belongs to the Boro-Garo group of Kachari-Kachin-Konyak(
SAL languages The Sal languages, also known as the Brahmaputran languages, are a branch of Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northeast India, as well as parts of Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), and China. Alternative names ''Ethnologue'' calls the group "Jingpho ...
) sub-branch and is closely related to languages like Boro, Kokborok, and Garo. Dimasa is agglutinative, forming words through processes such as prefixation, suffixation, compounding, reduplication, and onomatopoeia. It has a rich phonological system with six vowels and sixteen consonants and uses both Latin and Eastern Nagari scripts for writing. As of the 2011 census, there are approximately 137,184 native speakers of Dimasa, though the language is considered vulnerable due to limited use outside the home environment.


Culture


Society

The traditional village headman, who is at the top of the village administration, is a Khunang. He has both executive and judiciary powers. He is assisted by another official called the Dillik (Assistant Headman). Next to him is Daulathu who occupies the third place. Next to the Daulathu is the Haphaisgao, who holds office for two years. Other village officials include Phrai, Montri, Hangsbukhu, and Jalairao.


Clans

The Dimasas form a "sealed" society—every member drawing his or her patriarchal lineage from one of the forty two male clans (''sengphong''—"holder of the sword") and the matriarchal lineage from one of the forty-two female clans (''jalik'' or ''julu''). These clans are distributed among twelve territorial "sacred groves" called ''daikho''s. Dimasa men are divided into 40 patriarchal clans. These are: * Ardaosa * Mitherpangsa * Diphusa * Hagjersa * Thaosensa * Phonglosa * Sengyungsa * Raijungsa * Bader-Baiga * Daulagajao * Daolagupu * Hojaisa * Kemprai * Jidungsa * Baindosa (Nunisa) * Khersa * Hasnu * Haflongbar * Bodosa/Bathari * Hapila * Diruwasa * Naidingsa * Daodunglangtha * Karigapsa * Joraisa * Hasamsa * Nabensa * Dibragede * Langthasa * Girisa * Porbosa * Maibangsa * Johorisa * Sorongpang * Gorlosa * Hakmaosa * Maramsa * Jarambusa * Labtaisa * Laobangdisa


Festivals

Since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had officially declared 27 January as Busu Dima festival day.


Dress and ornaments


Ornaments

The male Dimasa use only two types of ornaments namely Yaocher and Kharik. Females use: * ''Phowal'': necklace made of expensive Coral and Real silver metal beads; also worn by males * ''Jongsama'': necklace made of micro-beads of any colour, with coral and silver beads in between. * ''Rangbarsha'': necklace made of coins. * ''Chandrawal'': necklace made of three silver chains with flower shapes. * ''Rmailik'': necklace made of micro-beads; the colour pattern is same with the Rijamphain beren or Rmai (chest wrapper) * ''Likjao'': necklace made of Red micro beads * ''Likshim'': necklace made of black micro beads * ''Khadu'': heavy silver bangle * ''Khamaothai'': silver or gold earring * ''Yaoshidam'': finger ring


Dances

The dance forms of the Dimasa Kachari are complex in character. Any Dimasa dance is called Baidima ( Bai-means dance, Dima-means Dimasa).


See also

* Dimaraji


Notes


References

* * * Bareh, H. ''Gazetteer of India'' * Barman, N. K. ''Queen of Cachar of Herambo and the History of the Kachchhari'' * Barpujari, S. K. (ed) (1997) ''History of the Dimasas: from the earliest times to 1896 AD'', Haflong: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam) . * * * Bordoloi, B. N. (1988) ''The Dimasa Kachari'', Tribal Research Institute of Assam, Guwahati. * Danda, D. (1989) ''The Dimasa Kacharis of Assam'', Concept Publishing co. New Delhi. * Gait, Edward A. (1906) ''A History of Assam'', Calcutta 1906. * Rhodes, N. G. and Bose, S. K. (2006) ''A History of the Dimasa Kacharis - As Seen through Coinage'' New Delhi : Mira Basu Publishers. * Roy, Babul (1998) "Socio-Cultural and Environmental Dimensions of Tribal Health: A Study among the Dimasa Kacharis and the Zeme Nagas of N. C. Hills in Assam" ''Ph. D. Thesis'' (Unpublished), Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam (India). * Roy, Babul (2000) "Medical Pluralism and Pattern of Acceptance of Medicine among the Dimasa Kacharis of Assam" ''The Journal of Human Ecology''. Kamal-Raj Pub., Delhi. * Roy, Babul (2002) "Descent groupings, belief system and social structure among the Dimasa Kacharies of Assam", ''Man in India'', Vol.82,No.1&2. * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Dimasa People Bodo-Kachari Ethnic groups in Northeast India Hindu ethnic groups Social groups of Assam Tribes of Assam Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya Ethnic groups in South Asia Ethnic groups in India