Technical overview
A DALI network consists of at least one application controller and bus power supply (which may be built into any of the products) as well as input devices (e.g. sensors and push-buttons), control gear (e.g., electrical ballasts, LED drivers and dimmers) with DALI interfaces. Application controllers can control, configure or query each device by means of a bi-directional data exchange. Unlike DMX, multiple controllers can co-exist on the bus. The DALI protocol permits addressing devices individually, in groups or via broadcast. Scenes can be stored in the devices, for recall on an individual, group or broadcast basis. Groups and scenes are used to ensure simultaneous execution of level changes, since each packet requires about 25 ms - or 1.5 seconds if all 64 addresses were to change level. Each device is assigned a unique short address between 0 and 63, making up to 64 devices possible in a basic system. Address assignment is performed over the bus using a "commissioning" protocol built into the DALI controller, usually after all hardware is installed, or successively as devices are added. The Device Address is commonly a LED driver with one or many LEDs sharing the same level. A DT6 driver is for single color temperature applications, a DT8 driver is used for CCT color tuning, or RGBWW multi color applications - for example a strip where all the "pixels" have the same color. Data is transferred between devices by means of an asynchronous, half-duplex, serial protocol over a two-wire bus with a fixed data transfer rate of . Collision detection is used to allow multiple transmitters on the bus. A single pair of wires comprises the bus used for communication on a DALI network. The network can be arranged in bus or starDevice addressing
A DALI device, such as a LED driver, can be controlled individually via its short address. Additionally, each DALI device may be members of one to 16 groups, or be a member of up to 16 scenes. All devices of a group respond to the commands addressed to the group. For example, a room with 4 ballasts can be changed from off to on in three common ways:Single device
Using the Short Address, e.g. sending the following DALI messages: * DALI Short Address 1 go to 100% * DALI Short Address 2 go to 100% * DALI Short Address 3 go to 100% * DALI Short Address 4 go to 100% This method has the advantage of not requiring programming of group and scene information for each ballast. The fade time of the transition can be chosen on the fly. If a large number of devices need to change at once, note that only 40 commands per second are possible - therefore, 64 individual addresses would require 1.5 seconds. For example, turning all lighting fixtures off may result in a visible delay between the first and last ballasts switching off. This issue is normally not a problem in rooms with a smaller number of ballasts. Groups and Scenes solve that.Device groups
Using the DALI Group previously assigned to ballasts in the room, if Short Address 1, 2, 3 and 4 are members of Group 1, e.g.: * DALI Group address 1 go to 100% This method has the advantage of being immune to synchronization effects as described above. This method has the disadvantage of requiring each ballast to be programmed once, by a DALI master, with the required group numbers and scene information. The fade time can still be configured on the fly, if required.Broadcast
Using the DALI Broadcast command, all control gear will change to that level, e.g.: * DALI Broadcast go to 50%Scenes
Devices store 16 programmable output levels as "scenes". Individual, Group or ALL devices can respond to a global Scene recall command to change to its previously configured level, e.g. dim lights over the audience and bright lights over the stage. (A programmed brightness level of 255 causes a device to not respond to a given scene - hence be excluded from scene recall commands.)System Fail brightness
A "system failure" level can be triggered by a loss of power (sustained low level) on the DALI bus, to provide a safe fallback if control is lost, a level of 255 excludes the device from this feature.Brightness control
DALI lighting levels are specified by an 8-bit value, with 0 representing off, 1 means 0.1% of full brightness, 254 means full brightness, and other values being logarithmically interpolated, giving a 2.77% increase per step. I.e., a (non-zero) control byte denotes a power level of . (A value of 255 is reserved for freezing the current lighting level without changing it.) This is designed to match human eye sensitivity so that perceived brightness steps are uniform, and to ensure corresponding brightness levels in units from different manufacturers.Commands for control gear
Forward frames sent to control gear are 16 bits long, comprising an address byte followed by an opcode byte. The address byte specifies a target device or a ''special command'' addressed to all devices. Except for special commands, when addressing a device, the 7 most significant bits is the device address. The least significant bit of the address byte specifies the interpretation of the opcode byte, with "0" meaning that the opcode is a light level (ARC), and "1" meaning that the opcode is a command. Multi packet commands are used for more complex tasks - like setting RGB colors. These commands use three "data transfer registers" (DTR, DTR1, DTR2 ) which can be read and written or used as a parameter by subsequent commands. For example, copy the current ARC level to DTR, save DTR as a scene. Evidently, the DTR value can be different in different devices. Address byte (AB) format: *0AAA AAAS
: Target device 0 ≤ A < 64.
* 100A AAAS
: Target group 0 ≤ A < 16. Each control gear may be a member of any or all groups.
* 1111 110S
: Broadcast unaddressed
* 1111 111S
: Broadcast
* 1010 0000 to 1100 1011
: Special commands
* 1100 1100 to 1111 1011
: Reserved
Common control gear commands:
Commands for control devices
The DALI-2 standard added standardisation of control devices. Control devices can include input devices such as daylight sensors, passive infrared room occupancy sensors, and manual lighting controls, or they can be application controllers that are the "brains" of the system - using information to make decisions and control the lights and other devices. Control devices can also combine the functionality of an application controller and an input device. Control devices use 24-bit forward frames, which are ignored by control gear, so up to 64 control devices may share the bus with up to 64 control gear.D4i
DiiA published severaColour control (DT8)
IEC 62386-209 describes colour control gear. This describes several colour types - methods of controlling colour. The most popular of these is Tc (tunable white), and was added to DALI-2 certification in January 2020.Emergency lighting
IEC 62386-202 describes self-contained emergency lighting. Features include automated triggering of function tests and duration tests, and recording of results. These devices are currently included in DALI version-1 registration, with tests for DALI-2 certification in development. Such DALI version-1 products can be mixed with DALI-2 products in the same system, with no problems expected.Wireless
IEC 62386-104 describes several wireless and wired transport alternatives to the conventional wired DALI bus system. DiiA is working with other industry associations to enable certification of DALI-2 products that operate over certain underlying wireless carriers. It is also possible to combine DALI with wireless communication via application gateways that translate between DALI and the wireless protocol of choice. While such gateways are not standardized, DiiA is working with other industry associations to develop the necessary specifications and tests to achieve thisSee also
* Dimmer * Lighting control console * Lighting control systemReferences
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