Dicta Boelcke
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The ''Dicta Boelcke'' is a list of fundamental aerial maneuvers of
aerial combat Aerial warfare is the use of military aircraft and other flying machines in warfare. Aerial warfare includes bombers attacking enemy installations or a concentration of enemy troops or strategic targets; fighter aircraft battling for contro ...
formulated by
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
German
flying ace A flying ace, fighter ace or air ace is a military aviation, military aviator credited with shooting down a certain minimum number of enemy aircraft during aerial combat; the exact number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an ...
Oswald Boelcke Oswald Boelcke PlM (; 19 May 1891 – 28 October 1916) was a World War I German professional soldier and pioneering flying ace credited with 40 aerial victories. Boelcke is honored as the father of the German fighter air force, and of air ...
. Equipped with one of the first fighter aircraft, Boelcke became Germany's foremost
flying ace A flying ace, fighter ace or air ace is a military aviation, military aviator credited with shooting down a certain minimum number of enemy aircraft during aerial combat; the exact number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an ...
during 1915 and 1916. Because of his success in aerial combat and analytic mind, he was tasked by Colonel Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen with writing a pamphlet on aerial tactics. Completed in June 1916, it was distributed throughout the German Army's Air Service ''(Die Fliegertruppen des Deutschen Reiches)'', some two years before the French and British militaries followed suit with their own tactical guides. Air combat tactical manuals based on the ''Dicta Boelcke'' have become more elaborate over time, and have become a mainstay for
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; , OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental Transnationalism, transnational military alliance of 32 Member states of NATO, member s ...
's air combat training of American, German, Dutch, Norwegian, Turkish, Italian, and Greek fighter pilots.


The author

Oswald Boelcke Oswald Boelcke PlM (; 19 May 1891 – 28 October 1916) was a World War I German professional soldier and pioneering flying ace credited with 40 aerial victories. Boelcke is honored as the father of the German fighter air force, and of air ...
was one of the first German pilots successful in air-to-air combat. During mid-May 1915, he began to fly one of the original fighter aircraft equipped with a synchronized gun. As he began to shoot down opposing French and British airplanes, he became one of the first German fighter aces. Often flying with
Max Immelmann Max Immelmann (21 September 1890 – 18 June 1916) ''Pour le Mérite, PLM'' was the first German Lists of World War I flying aces, World War I flying ace.Shores, 1983, p. 10. He was a pioneer in fighter aviation and is often mistakenly credi ...
, Boelcke gained experience in the new realm of aerial combat as he discovered the utility of having a wingman, of massing fighter planes for increased fighting power, and of flying loose formations allowing individual pilots tactical independence. Based on his successful combat experiences, he used his training as a professional soldier and his powers as an analytic thinker to design tactics for the use of aircraft in battle. During this period of pioneering aerial warfare, the British
Royal Flying Corps The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the air arm of the British Army before and during the First World War until it merged with the Royal Naval Air Service on 1 April 1918 to form the Royal Air Force. During the early part of the war, the RFC sup ...
air effort could be summed up by "Attack everything". The French '' Aeronautique Militaire'' was concentrating its efforts on building up its bomber force. Boelcke tried to interest Immelmann in devising a tactical doctrine for fighters, to no avail. In mid-1916, Boelcke codified his tactics in the ''Dicta Boelcke'', which was the world's first tactical aerial combat manual for an air force. During early 1916, Boelcke wrote a brochure entitled "Experiences of Air Fighting", giving tips for attacking any one of three types of opposing aircraft. This was not unique; a few other fliers in the war were sharing such combat tips with one another on a personal level. After Immelmann's death, Boelcke was withdrawn from combat on 27 June 1916, while he was the war's leading ace, and assigned to ''Fliegertruppe'' (Flying Troops) headquarters. His reassignment was in line with the German military doctrine of ''
Auftragstaktik Mission-type tactics (German language, German: ''Auftragstaktik'', from ''Auftrag'' and ''Taktik''; also known as mission command in the United States and the United Kingdom) is a method of command and delegation where the military commander gi ...
'', or order tactics: The belief that the junior officer on the battlefield best knows the tactics needed there. As part of his staff duties revamping the ''Fliegertruppe'' into the ''
Luftstreitkräfte The ''Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte'' (, German Air Combat Forces)known before October 1916 as (The Imperial German Air Service, lit. "The flying troops of the German Kaiser’s Reich")was the air arm of the Imperial German Army. In English-langu ...
'' (Air Force) in early October 1916, Boelcke wrote the ''Dicta'', which was then distributed throughout the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' as the world's first tactical air combat manual. It was two years before the British and French followed suit in 1918. Spurred by the example of the ''Dicta'', many of the world's military air forces eventually developed their own tactical manuals, codified as tactics, techniques, and procedures.


The ''Dicta Boelcke''

According to Boelcke's first biographer, Professor Johannes von Werner, the eight dicta were written for Colonel Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen. # Try to secure advantages before attacking. If possible, keep the sun behind you. # Always carry through an attack when you have started it. # Fire only at close range, and only when your opponent is properly in your sights. # Always keep your eye on your opponent, and never let yourself be deceived by ruses. # In any form of attack it is essential to assail your enemy from behind. # If your opponent dives on you, do not try to evade his onslaught, but fly to meet it. # When over the enemy's lines never forget your own line of retreat. # For the ''Staffel'' (squadron): Attack on principle in groups of four or six. When the fight breaks up into a series of single combats, take care that several do not go for the same opponent. There are various versions of the Dicta. One version that differs somewhat from the above: # Always try to secure an advantageous position before attacking. Climb before and during the approach in order to surprise the enemy from above, and dive on him swiftly from the rear when the moment to attack is at hand. # Try to place yourself between the sun and the enemy. This puts the glare of the sun in the enemy's eyes and makes it difficult to see you and impossible for him to shoot with any accuracy. # Do not fire the machine guns until the enemy is within range and you have him squarely within your sights. # Attack when the enemy least expects it or when he is preoccupied with other duties such as observation, photography, or bombing. # Never turn your back and try to run away from an enemy fighter. If you are surprised by an attack on your tail, turn and face the enemy with your guns. # Keep your eye on the enemy and do not allow him to deceive you with tricks. If your opponent seems damaged, follow him down until he crashes to be sure he is not faking. # Foolish acts of bravery only bring death. The ''Jasta'' (squadron) must fight as a unit with close teamwork between all pilots. The signals of its leaders must be obeyed. # For the ''Staffel'' (squadron): Attack in principle in groups of four or six. When the fight breaks up into a series of single combats, take care that several do not go for one opponent. Still another version can be found online. If followed assiduously, the ''Dicta'' tactics often led to an unseen approach for a surprise attack. As historical study has shown, thus getting in the first shot in an engagement guarantees a successful attack over 80% of the time.


Legacy

After writing the ''Dicta'', Boelcke's tactics were taught in the fighter school he had suggested founding. He suggested that fighter planes be organized into squadrons. He also organized and led one of these original German fighter squadrons, '' Jagdstaffel 2''. By the time he died in action after his 40th victory, he had thoroughly schooled his squadron in his tactics. ''Jasta 2'' went on to be one of the two most successful German fighter squadrons during the remainder of the war, scoring 336 victories, and achieving a victory ratio that ran as high as 12 to one. Eight of ''Jasta 2'' original members became aces. 25 aces served in ''Jasta 2'', scoring 90% of its victories. Four of its members served as generals during World War II. There was a steady rotation of ''Jasta 2's'' aces into commands of other squadrons. The most prominent example of this was
Manfred von Richthofen Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (; 2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), known in English as Baron von Richthofen or the Red Baron, was a fighter pilot with the German Air Force during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of th ...
, leading ace of the war and assigned to command the most successful German squadron, ''Jasta 11''. As a result of Boelcke's tactical concepts, the Imperial German Air Service exacted an ever greater toll on Allied aircraft right up until war's end. For instance, ''Jasta 2'' was credited with 46 victories for September 1918. When the next logical step was taken by the Germans in organizing fighter squadrons into a wing in June 1917, Richthofen was picked to lead it. Before his death on 21 April 1918, he wrote his own ''Dicta'' for wing tactics. It referred extensively to Boelcke's ''Dicta''. Similar to the Dicta Boelcke was
Mick Mannock Mick is a masculine given name or nickname, usually a hypocorism of Michael (given name), Michael. Because of its popularity in Ireland, it is often used in the English-speaking world as an List of ethnic slurs, ethnic slur for Irish people. In A ...
's Rules of Combat: During the early days of World War II, South African ace Sailor Malan espoused his Ten Rules for Air Fighting. These rules closely followed the ''Dicta Boelcke''. For instance, Rule 5's "Always turn and face the attack" could have been borrowed from the ''Dicta''. Malan's Rules were distributed throughout the
Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the Air force, air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. It was formed towards the end of the World War I, First World War on 1 April 1918, on the merger of t ...
.Douglas Tidy,
Biographies
", Retrieved 22 January 2019.
The simple ''Dicta Boelcke'' manual has, over time, evolved into widespread use of tactics, techniques, and procedures manuals for air forces worldwide. The United States
Joint Chiefs of Staff The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, which advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and ...
(JCS), the
United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
(USN), and the
United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Air force, air service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the six United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Tracing its ori ...
(USAF) each have their own air tactics manuals. Under the auspices of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; , OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental transnational military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermat ...
(NATO), the USAF trains German, Dutch, Norwegian, Turkish, Italian, and Greek fighter pilots at
Sheppard Air Force Base Sheppard Air Force Base is a United States Air Force (USAF) base located north of the central business district of Wichita Falls, in Wichita County, Texas, United States. It is the largest training base and most diversified in Air Educatio ...
, using air tactics manuals descended from the ''Dicta Boelcke''.Joe Pappalardo, 23 June 2014,
The Texas Air Base Where NATO Fighter Pilots Are Forged
, ''Popular Mechanics'' Retrieved 24 August 2018.


Footnotes


Citations


Bibliography

* * * * * Havertown, PA: Casemate (2009), first edition (1985). {{ISBN, 978-1-935149-11-8. Aviation in World War I Aerial warfare tactics Aerial maneuvers Imperial German Army Air Service