Diabrotica Terminalis

''Diabrotica'' is a large, widespread genus of beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. Members of this genus include several destructive agricultural pest species, sometimes referred to as corn rootworms.

There are an estimated 400 species grouped into the genus ''Diabrotica''. Within ''Diabrotica'' there are 3 series: f''ucata, virgifera,'' and ''signifera'' groups. The ''fucata'' series contains the majority of ''Diabrotica'' diversity with 354 species. ''Fucata'' are characterized as multivoltine, producing two broods of offspring per year. The ''virgifera'' series comprises 24 species, and the ''signifera'' series contains 11. Additionally, ''virgifera'' and ''signifera'' are characterized as univoltine, and will only brood one set of offspring annually.

There is very limited information on most species of ''Diabrotica.'' Majority of the research conducted on the ''Diabrotica'' ''genus'' focuses on investigating species of consequential economic importance, such as ''D. balteata'', ''D. barberi'', ''D. undecimpunctata howardi'', ''D. virgifera'', ''D. speciosa''. Multiple ''Diabrotica'' species are considered major agricultural pests, therefore the control and management of populations is of significant importance to farm management strategies.

Taxonomy and evolutionary history

The ''Diabrotica'' genus arose in the Cretaceous period and began to diversify and speciate ~60 million years ago, which culminated ~30-40 million years ago. Contrary to previous suggestions, Diabrotica speciation was not linked to the onset of corn and other crop cultivation. Gene sequencing has led to a phylogenetic reconstruction of the ''Diabrotica'' genus that indicates monophagy is the ancestral trait. The genus began to diversify when certain lineages expanded their diets to include a multitude of different types of plants, leading to a polyphagous trait. However, subsequent reversals back to monophagy or oligophagy have occurred in some evolutionary branches.

The diversification and evolution of ''Diabrotica'' species is closely linked to their relationship with wild plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), which characteristically produce cucurbitacin secondary compounds. Cucurbitacins are bitter and toxic. While cucurbitacins deter most herbivores, ''Diabrotica'' beetles are attracted to cucurbitacins and compulsively feed on cucurbit species, especially the tissues that contain high concentrations of cucurbitacins, such as roots, seeds, and cotyledons. ''Diabrotica'' beetles favour cucurbitacin-containing plants to the extent that they will leave another nutritious plant host for a cucurbit plant. The mouthparts of ''Diabrotica'' beetles display receptors that bind cucurbitacins to stimulate this compulsive feeding behaviour. By feeding on cucurbit plants and sequestering cucurbitacin in their haemolymph, ''Diabrotica'' beetles are afforded some protective advantages, such as chemical defenses against natural predators. This is an example of pharmacophagy, in which insects consume plant metabolites for reasons besides nutrition. The aforementioned demonstrates a situation of chemically mediated coevolution between ''Diabrotica'' and cucurbit plants, and even ''Diabrotica'' species that have evolved to no longer rely on cucurbitacin-containing plants still demonstrate this compulsive feeding behavior in the presence of these plants.

''Diabrotica'' species are separated into 3 groups: ''virgifera'', ''fucata'', and ''signifera''. These are ‘groups of convenience’ as they are based on host range, diet, life history, and other ecological traits, rather than being supported by molecular and genetic data.

Distribution and historical changes

''Diabrotica'' is a neotropical genus that evolutionarily originated in Central America and is native to North and South America. Central America is the most rich in ''Diabrotica'' species (i.e. has the highest number of ''Diabrotica'' species), but Mexico and Brazil are also high in ''Diabrotica'' diversity. Although the tropical areas are significantly more diverse in ''Diabrotica'' species, the US ''Diabrotica'' fauna has a greater proportion of pest species. 4 out of the 7 ''Diabrotica'' species native to the US are pests. However, only 6 out of the 338 ''Diabrotica'' species found in the tropical regions are pests.

Climate is the main factor that puts constraints on the distribution of different groups of ''Diabrotica'' species. For example, the entire ''fucata'' group is incapable of overwintering. Consequently, members of the ''fucata'' group inhabit host plants primarily located in the tropics and subtropics. However, variations in weather conditions from year to year lead to annual fluctuations in the geographic ranges of ''fucata'' group species. ''D. speciosa sensu lato'', regarded as the best known pest species within the ''fucata'' group in South America, has a broad distribution covering the majority of the continent. ''Signifera'' group species are exclusively found within South America. A multitude of species in the ''virgifera'' group are capable of overwintering. Specifically the US ''virgifera'' group species overwinter as cold-resistant eggs.

The western corn rootworm, ''D.'' ''virgifera'', is the most damaging pest of corn crops in the US and was accidentally brought to Serbia. As a result, its range expanded to threaten corn crops in the Eastern and Central areas of Europe, especially in Germany and Hungary. Belgium, Netherlands, and the UK were successful in extirpating in western corn rootworm. Through various strategies, such as crop rotation, ''Diabrotica'' beetles have been kept at non-damaging levels in Germany and France.

Habitat and diet

Since adult ''Diabrotica'' are highly motile and have the ability to migrate, the genus occupies diverse habitats. ''Diabrotica'' movement patterns are driven by the appeal and availability of food sources. Typically, the preferred food source of adult ''Diabrotica'' includes pollen and reproductive structures of plants. Species of the ''fucata'' group are polyphagous, which means that they feed on various plant species. Species of the ''virgifera'' and ''signifera'' groups are oligophagous, which means that they consume only a few plant species.

''Diabrotica'' species in the ''virgifera'' group that feed on corn primarily inhabit huge maize monocultures. Both ''D. virgifera'' and ''D. longicornis barberi'' are corn-feeding species within the ''virgifera'' group; however, their feeding and egg-laying behaviours exhibit some key differences. Both species feed on silks, pollen, and young kernels of corn. Adult ''D. virgifera'' also feed on corn leaves, but ''D. l. barberi'' do not. In fact, ''D. virgifera'' will remain in a corn field past the seasonal availability of pollen and silk to feed on the corn foliage, especially when their egg-laying period is prolonged. However, once silk and pollen are no longer available in a corn crop, ''D. l. barberi'' will move on and inhabit other fields of plants. As a result, high densities of ''D. l. barberi'' larvae are commonly present in crops where corn was not cultivated during the prior year. This is seldom observed for ''D. virgifera'' larvae, rather they usually remain in the corn field. Research has revealed that ''D. virgifera'' populations tend to rise when corn is continuously planted in the same field each year, but ''D. l barberi'' populations tend to benefit more from crop rotation. All together, it suggests that ''D. virgifera'' are much more dependent on corn as a habitat and food source than ''D. l. barberi''. ''D. undecimpunctata howardi'' is a member of the fucata group that uses a broad range of plant species and does not rely on corn as long as other nutritive food sources are present.

Lifecycle

Adult female ''Diabrotica'' that are feeding on the leaves and pollen of the host plant release their eggs (~300-400 eggs) in the soil adjacent to the plant's roots. Eggs can be deposited as deep as 15 cm into the soil. After the eggs hatch, larval development occurs. In ''Diabrotica'' larval development, there are 3 instar larva, which are stages in Arthropod life cycles that occur between moults. Following the 3rd instar, is a mature pupa, which is the stage exhibiting complete metamorphosis to the adult form. As larvae develop, they feed on and thus damage the roots of the host plant.

For multivoltine species (2 or more broods of offspring each year), the whole lifecycle (egg to adult) lasts around 30 days. In addition, these species usually spend the winter as dormant adults suspended in their development (diapausing adults). In contrast, eggs overwinter in univoltine species. The ''virgifera'' group species are univoltine and ''fucata'' group species are multivoltine.

The corn rootworms, which include ''D. virgifera virgifera'', ''D. virgifera zaea'', and ''D. longicornis barberi'', are the 3 most economically relevant taxa due to their damage on agricultural crops, especially corn. These taxa are univoltine, thus they spend the winter as eggs deposited in soil and hatch in the late spring. Adults can be seen feeding on corn silk, leaves, and pollen from the midsummer through to the frost.

Behaviour

Foraging techniques

''Diabrotica'' larvae, specifically ''Diabrotica viridula,'' are prominent pests of agricultural cornfields, as the larvae's preferred food source primarily consists of corn roots. Adult females intentionally deposit the eggs of their brood in the soil of cultivated farm fields. This oviposition upon successfully hatching, allows larvae the ability to easily locate and tunnel towards the roots of the host plant. There exists a proportionality between the density of laid eggs around the targeted host plant, and the damage inflicted upon the roots of the plant. The closer eggs are laid to the host results in greater propensity for damage to incur on the host as a result of larval feeding. Other Diabrotica species larvae within the ''fucata'' series are predominantly polyphagous in nature, feeding off a variety of diverse vegetation.

Adult ''Diabrotica'' species are herbivores, with a diet predominantly consisting of foliage and pollen. Due to the vast richness of diversity in the genus a broad variety of plant species are used as host plants and food sources. Host sources of economic importance in prairie habitats include, but are not limited to, corn, squash, beans, and soybean varieties. Many ''Diabrotica'' species exhibit a preference for plants containing cucurbitacin's as they can be metabolized by the beetle into an effective chemical defense mechanism.

Threat responses

Chemical defense is a key mechanism implemented by many ''Diabrotica'' species to act as an important mode of protection against predation. Cucurbitacin is a bitter tasting compound found in certain plants that is often toxic to insects. ''Diabrotica'' species will relentlessly ingest cucurbitacin compounds synthesized by their preferential food sources. After acquiring the cucurbitacin compounds, they metabolize the consumed cucurbitacin into the haemolymph. The ''Diabrotica'' beetle will have then successfully incorporated the bitter tasting properties of cucurbitacin compounds into itself. Therefore, the adoption of the deterring bitter, toxic characteristics of the cucurbitacin's results in the ''Diabrotica'' species significantly reducing the likelihood of predation.

Breeding and courtship

Female members of ''Diabrotica'' species will release sex pheromones and begin expressing a characteristic calling posture signaling their receptivity to commence mating. The calling posture consists of exposing the membranes of the females abdominal segment's to facilitate the secretion of the aforementioned sex pheromones. Reproducing males will then approach the female and engage in tactile stimulation of the female's abdomen. This likely facilitates relaxation and increases the females receptiveness prior to and throughout the duration of copulation occurring. The mating procedure may last for 1–6 hours, with copulation lasting approximately 10–60 minutes. Mating behavior appears to be influenced by circadian rhythms, with the majority of mating events occurring around the dusk hours.

Lek formation is a behavioral pattern observed in ''Diabrotica'' species that preferentially consume cucurbitacin rich foods. During copulation, the male will transfer detoxified cucurbitacin compounds to their female mate. This transplantation of metabolized cucurbitacin's decreases the metabolic burden on brooding females to sequester energy to both brood offspring and synthesize chemical defense mechanisms against predation.

Pest control methods

Non-chemical control

Due to the pestilent species of univoltine ''Diabrotica'' lifecycles being intrinsically tied to specific host plants, agronomic practices such as crop rotation, shifting sowing times, and alternative tilling techniques are viable methods to decrease the likelihood of infestation in cultivated fields. Although these techniques are effective for the management of univoltine ''Diabrotica'' species, multivoltine species remain largely unaffected by the implementation of these measures. To mitigate the damage of multivoltine ''Diabrotica'' pests, early plantation of the crops to allow ample time for maturation is moderately effective at avoiding the larval stage of ''Diabrotica'' when the crop is in its most vulnerable stage of development. This provides the crop adequate opportunity to grow and increase resilience against larval feeding attacks. However, this method is difficult to execute effectively due to variable hatch periods of overwintered eggs, and the dependence on correct seasonal timing making it susceptible to failure.

Chemical control

The most effective treatment against pestilent ''Diabrotica'' larvae stage in maize cultivation involves the application of organophosphate and phenyl pyrazole insecticides into the seed furrow during planting. For potatoes, in-furrow application of neonicotinoids is also an effective pesticide for controlling larvae. These insecticides disrupt the development of the beetle's larval stages, drastically decreasing ''Diabrotica'' population's biotic potential, ultimately contributing to effective infestation control.

Genetically modified organisms

Genetically modified crops are another method to reduce economic loss due to ''Diabrotica'' pests. High risk crops can be genetically modified to decrease susceptibility to root damage subjected by the feeding of larvae providing protection against pest-related damage.

Plant resistance

Artificial selection of chemical defenses when growing particular crops can be utilized to increase resistance to ''Diabrotica'' pests. For example, leptins can act as insecticidal agents, and glycoalkaloids confer a natural resistance to specific ''Diabrotica'' species at both the adult and larval stages in potato species. These resistance-increasing biological compounds can be selected for and subsequently increased through generations of crop plants.

Biological controls

Nematodes may be used as strategy in the management of ''Diabrotica'' larvae populations. Multiple families of nematodes will attack ''Diabrotica'' pests in the soil of cultivated fields. ''Steinernema carpocapsae'' is most commonly used for larval control in the field. This method of pest control is heavily influenced by the environmental conditions of the soil, as moisture levels and application of the nematodes may drastically affect their effectiveness. Low-tillage and reduced weed control procedures must also be implemented as agronomic strategies when using the nematodes as pest control.

The previous technique primarily targeted the larval stages of ''Diabrotica'' development. In order to target the adult demographic during infestation, an effective method involves exploiting the pestilent ''Diabrotica's'' preference for cucurbitacin containing food sources. The chemical composition of cucurbitacin's acts as a strong phagostimulant for adult ''Diabrotica'' beetles. Therefore, the beetles are attracted to the compound and inclined to ingest the material containing it. By coating cucurbitacin producing plants with an appropriate insecticide, a toxic trap can be easily created. These attractants can then be dispersed through fields to act as lures, poisoning the beetles and reducing the overall infestation.

Species

* '' Diabrotica adelpha'' Harold, 1875
* '' Diabrotica adornata'' Baly, 1890
* ''Diabrotica aegrota'' Baly, 1890
* ''Diabrotica alboplagiata'' Jacoby, 1882
* ''Diabrotica alegrensis'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1962
* ''Diabrotica alexia'' Bechyne, 1956
* ''Diabrotica alfazema'' Bechyne, 1997
* ''Diabrotica amecameca'' Krysan & Smith, 1987
* ''Diabrotica amoena'' (Dalman, 1823)
* ''Diabrotica amoenula'' Boheman, 1859
* ''Diabrotica analis'' Baly, 1890
* ''Diabrotica antonietta'' Bechyne, 1956
* ''Diabrotica apicalis'' Baly, 1886
* ''Diabrotica apicicornis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica apicipennis'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica aracatuba'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1964
* '' Diabrotica arcuata'' Baly, 1859
* '' Diabrotica asignata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica atomaria'' Jacoby, 1889
* '' Diabrotica atriceps'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica atriineata'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica atriscutata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica atromaculata'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica atrosignata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica bakeri'' (Bowditch, 1911)
* ''Diabrotica barberi'' R. Smith & Lawrence, 1967 - northern corn rootworm
* '' Diabrotica barclayi'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* ''Diabrotica balteata'' LeConte, 1865 - banded cucumber beetle
* '' Diabrotica bartleti'' Baly, 1890
* ''Diabrotica beniensis'' Krysan & Smith, 1987
* '' Diabrotica biannularis'' Harold, 1875
* '' Diabrotica bilineata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica bioculata'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica bipartita'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica bipustulata'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica bisecta'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica boggianii'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica boliviana'' Harold, 1877
* '' Diabrotica bordoni'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969
* '' Diabrotica brevicornis'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica brevilineata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica brevittitata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica brunneosignata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica buckleyi'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica buqueti'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica caiuba'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969)
* '' Diabrotica calchaqui'' Cabrera & Cabrera Walsh, 2004
* ''Diabrotica callangaensis'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica carolae'' Krysan & Smith, 1987
* '' Diabrotica caveyi'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica cavicollis'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica centralis'' Jacoby, 1882
* '' Diabrotica championi'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica chapuisi'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica chimborensis'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica chloris'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica chloropus'' Harold, 1875
* '' Diabrotica chlororhoidalis'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica chontalensis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica circulata'' Harold, 1875
* '' Diabrotica clarkellita'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica clarki'' Weise, 1916
* '' Diabrotica clio'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica columbiensis'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica confluenta'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica confraterna'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica confusa'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica consentanea'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica contigua'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica costaricensis'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica crenulata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica cristata'' (Harris, 1837)
* '' Diabrotica cryptochlora'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica cryptomorpha'' Bechyne, 1997
* '' Diabrotica curvilineata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica curvipustulata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica cyaneomaculata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica decaspila'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica decempunctata'' Latreille, 1813
* '' Diabrotica deliqua'' Weise, 1921
* '' Diabrotica delrio'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica discoidalis'' Baly, 1865
* '' Diabrotica dissimilis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica distincta'' Jacoby, 1882
* ''Diabrotica diversicornis'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica dmitryogloblini'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica duckworthorum'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* ''Diabrotica duplicata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica duvivieri'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica dysoni'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica egleri'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1961)
* '' Diabrotica elata'' Fabricius, 1801
* '' Diabrotica elegantula'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica emorsitans'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica enae'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica ephemera'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica eustolia'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica evanescens'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica exclamationis'' Baly, 1859
* '' Diabrotica extensa'' (Baly, 1889)
* '' Diabrotica facialis'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica fallaciosa'' Weise, 1921
* '' Diabrotica fallenia'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica fauveli'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica febronia'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica fenestralis'' Jacoby, 1879
* '' Diabrotica fidelia'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica firmiona'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica flava'' (Olivier, 1791)
* '' Diabrotica flaviventris'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica flavofulva'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica formosa'' Baly, 1886
* ''Diabrotica fowleri'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica freudei'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica fucata'' (Fabricius, 1787)
* '' Diabrotica fulveola'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica fulvicornis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica fulvofasciata'' Jacoby, 1889
* '' Diabrotica funerea'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica fuscula'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica gahani'' Jacoby, 1893
* '' Diabrotica generosa'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica germari'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica glaucina'' (Baly, 1889)
* '' Diabrotica godmani'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica gorhami'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica gracilenta'' Erichson, 1847
* '' Diabrotica gracilis'' Jacoby, 1878
* ''Diabrotica graminea'' (Baly, 1886)
* '' Diabrotica gratiosa'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica grayella'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica guaira'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica guaratiba'' (Marques, 1941)
* '' Diabrotica gudula'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica guttifera'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica haroldi'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica hartjei'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica hathawayi'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica helga'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica hilli'' Krysan & Smith, 1987
* '' Diabrotica hogei'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica ianthe'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica illigeri'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica impressipennis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica inaequalis'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica inornata'' Weise, 1921
* '' Diabrotica interrupta'' (Baly, 1886)
* '' Diabrotica iridicollis'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1965
* '' Diabrotica isohaeta'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969
* '' Diabrotica jacobiana'' Duvivier, 1885
* '' Diabrotica jacobyi'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica jamaicensis'' Bryant, 1924
* '' Diabrotica jariensis'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1965
* '' Diabrotica javeti'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica josephbalyi'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica kirbyi'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica klugii'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica kraatzi'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica labiata'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica lacordairei'' (Kirsch, 1883)
* '' Diabrotica lamiina'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969)
* ''Diabrotica latevittata'' (Baly, 1886)
* '' Diabrotica lawrencei'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica lebasii'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica lemniscata'' LeConte, 1868
* '' Diabrotica liberata'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica liciens'' (Fabricius, 1801)
* '' Diabrotica limitata'' (Sahlberg, 1823)
* '' Diabrotica linensis'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica linsleyi'' Krysan & Smith, 1987
* ''Diabrotica longicornis'' (Say, 1824)
* '' Diabrotica luciana'' (Blake, 1965)
* '' Diabrotica lucifera'' Erichson, 1847
* '' Diabrotica luederwaldti'' (Bowditch, 1911)
* '' Diabrotica lundi'' Smith & Lawrence, 1967
* ''Diabrotica luteopustulata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica lutescens'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica macrina'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica manaensis'' (Weise, 1921)
* '' Diabrotica mantillerii'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* ''Diabrotica mapiriensis'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica marsila'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica martinjacobyi'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica matina'' Bechyne, 1958
* ''Diabrotica mauliki'' Barber, 1947
* '' Diabrotica mediofasciata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica melanopa'' Erichson, 1847
* '' Diabrotica melanopyga'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica meyeri'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica milleri'' Krysan & Smith, 1987
* '' Diabrotica minuta'' Jacoby, 1879
* '' Diabrotica mitteri'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica modesta'' (Fabricius, 1801)
* '' Diabrotica morosa'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica moseri'' Weise, 1921
* '' Diabrotica munda'' (Weise, 1921)
* '' Diabrotica mutabilis'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica myrna'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica neolineata'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica nigritarsis'' (Baly, 1889)
* '' Diabrotica nigrocincta'' Baly, 1886
* ''Diabrotica nigrolimbata'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica nigromaculata'' Jacoby, 1878
* '' Diabrotica nigroscutata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica nigrostriata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica nitidicollis'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica novemguttata'' (Weise, 1921)
* '' Diabrotica novemmaculata'' Jacoby, 1878
* '' Diabrotica nummularis'' Harold, 1877
* '' Diabrotica obscura'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica occlusa'' Champion, 1920
* '' Diabrotica ochreata'' (Fabricius, 1792)
* '' Diabrotica octoplagiata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica oculata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica olivacea'' Jacoby, 1882
* '' Diabrotica olivieri'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica orthocosta'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969)
* '' Diabrotica pachitensis'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica palpalis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica panamensis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica panchroma'' Bechyne, 1955
* ''Diabrotica paradoxa'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica paranaensis'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica parintinsensis'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969)
* '' Diabrotica pascoei'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica paula'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1962)
* '' Diabrotica pauperata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica peckii'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica periscopica'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica perkinsi'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica piceicornis'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica piceolimbata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica piceomarginata'' (Baly, 1890)
* ''Diabrotica piceonotata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica piceopicta'' (Baly, 1890)
* ''Diabrotica piceopunctata'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica piceosignata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica platysoma'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica plaumanni'' Bechyne, 1954
* '' Diabrotica plebeja'' Weise, 1921
* '' Diabrotica poeclienta'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica porracea'' Harold, 1875
* '' Diabrotica praeusta'' (Weise, 1921)
* '' Diabrotica propylaea'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969)
* '' Diabrotica prostigma'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica proximans'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica pulchella'' (Jacquelin-Val, 1856)
* '' Diabrotica pulchra'' (Sahlberg, 1823)
* '' Diabrotica purpurascens'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica pygidialis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica quadricollis'' (Jacoby, 1887)
* '' Diabrotica ramona'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica recki'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica redfordae'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica reedi'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica regalis'' (Baly, 1859)
* '' Diabrotica regularis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica relicta'' Suffrian, 1867
* '' Diabrotica rendalli'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica reysmithi'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica rogersi'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica rosenbergi'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica rufolimbata'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica rufomaculata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica rufopustulata'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica salvadorensis'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica samouella'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica sancatarina'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica sanguinicollis'' Jacoby, 1879
* '' Diabrotica schaufussi'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica scripta'' Olivier, 1808
* '' Diabrotica scutellata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica sebaldia'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica sedata'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica sel'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica selecta'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica semicirculata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica semiflava'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica semisulcata'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica septemliturata'' Erichson, 1847
* '' Diabrotica septemplagiata'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica serrozulensis'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1962)
* ''Diabrotica sesquilineata'' Erichson, 1847
* '' Diabrotica sexmaculata'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica sharpii'' Kirsch, 1883
* '' Diabrotica sheba'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica signaticornis'' Chevrolat, 1844
* '' Diabrotica signifera'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica silvai'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica simulata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica sinuata'' Olivier, 1789
* '' Diabrotica songoensis'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica spangleri'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica speciosa'' (Germar, 1824) - cucurbit beetle
* '' Diabrotica speciosissima'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica spilota'' Baly, 1890
* ''Diabrotica sublimbata'' (Baly, 1865)
* '' Diabrotica submarginata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica subrugosa'' (Gahan, 1891)
* '' Diabrotica subsulcata'' Baly, 1865
* '' Diabrotica surinamensis'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica synoptica'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica tarsalis'' Harold, 1875
* ''Diabrotica teresa'' Bechyne, 1956
* '' Diabrotica terminalis'' Jacoby, 1879
* ''Diabrotica tessellata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica testaceicollis'' (Baly, 1890)
* ''Diabrotica tibialis'' Jacoby, 1887
* ''Diabrotica tijuquensis'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica tortuosa'' Jacoby, 1887
* ''Diabrotica transversa'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica travassosi'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica tricolor'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica trifasciata'' Fabricius, 1801
* '' Diabrotica trifoveolata'' (Baly, 1890)
* '' Diabrotica trifurcata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica triphonia'' Bechyne, 1958
* '' Diabrotica tropica'' (Weise, 1921)
* '' Diabrotica tumidicornis'' Erichson, 1847
* '' Diabrotica undecimpunctata'' Mannerheim, 1843 - spotted cucumber beetle, southern corn rootworm, western cucumber beetle, western spotted cucumber beetle
* '' Diabrotica underwoodi'' Bowditch, 1911
* '' Diabrotica unipunctata'' Jacoby, 1882
* '' Diabrotica univittata'' Jacoby, 1899
* '' Diabrotica utingae'' Marques, 1941
* '' Diabrotica vagrans'' Baly, 1889
* '' Diabrotica varicornis'' Jacoby, 1889
* '' Diabrotica variegata'' (Jacoby, 1887)
* '' Diabrotica venancia'' Bechyne, 1958
* ''Diabrotica venezuelensis'' Jacoby, 1882
* '' Diabrotica vilaolivae'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969
* '' Diabrotica virescens'' Baly, 1886
* ''Diabrotica virgifera'' LeConte, 1858 - Mexican corn rootworm, western corn rootworm
* '' Diabrotica viridana'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica viridans'' (Baly, 1889)
* '' Diabrotica viridicollis'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica viridifasciata'' Jacoby, 1887
* '' Diabrotica viridilimbata'' Baly, 1879
* '' Diabrotica viridimaculata'' Jacoby, 1878
* '' Diabrotica viridipustulata'' Baly, 1886
* '' Diabrotica viridula'' Fabricius, 1801
* '' Diabrotica waltersi'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015
* '' Diabrotica weisei'' Baly, 1890
* '' Diabrotica westwoodi'' (Baly, 1889)
* '' Diabrotica zikani'' Bechyne, 1968
* '' Diabrotica zischkai'' Bechyne, 1956

References

External links

''Diabrotica balteata''
on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

''Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi''
on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website.

{{Authority control

Galerucinae
Agricultural pest insects
Taxa named by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat
Chrysomelidae genera