The Dhimalish languages,
Dhimal and
Toto
Toto may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Fictional characters Pets
* Toto (Oz), Toto (''Oz''), a dog in the novel and film ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''
* Toto, in Japanese ''The Cat Returns#Plot, The Cat Returns''
Characters of agency
* a ...
, are a small group of
Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in
Nepal,
Bhutan, and the
Jalpaiguri division of
West Bengal,
India.
Classification
Hammarström, et al. note in
Glottolog
''Glottolog'' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany (between 2015 and 2020 at the Max Planck Institute for ...
that Dhimalish is best considered to be a separate Sino-Tibetan branch rather than as a subgroup of Brahmaputran (Sal), and consider Dhimalish as failing to show sufficient Brahmaputran diagnostic vocabulary. Sotrug (2015) considers Dhimalish to be particularly closely related to the
Kiranti languages rather than to the
Sal languages.
Grollmann & Gerber (2017) consider
Lhokpu to have a particularly close relationship with Dhimal and Toto.
Gerber & Grollmann (2018) group Dhimal, Toto, and Lhokpu within
Central-Eastern Kiranti.
Comparative vocabulary
Sanyal (1973:77-81) provides a comparative word list of
Toto
Toto may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Fictional characters Pets
* Toto (Oz), Toto (''Oz''), a dog in the novel and film ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''
* Toto, in Japanese ''The Cat Returns#Plot, The Cat Returns''
Characters of agency
* a ...
from Sunder (1895) and
George Abraham Grierson
Sir George Abraham Grierson (7 January 1851 – 9 March 1941) was an Irish administrator and linguist in British India. He worked in the Indian Civil Service but an interest in philology and linguistics led him to pursue studies in the languag ...
's ''
Linguistic Survey of India'', and
Dhimal from
Brian Houghton Hodgson.
[Hodgson, Brian Houghton. 1880. ''Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects'' (2 vols.). London: Trübner & Co.]
See also
*
Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)
References
* George van Driem (2001
''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill: Boston
* Sanyal, Charu Chandra. 1973. "The Totos: A sub-Himalayan tribe." In ''The Meches and the Totos'', 1-81. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.
{{Kiranti languages
Kiranti languages
Languages of India
Languages of Nepal